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Figure 1. Path estimates of structural equation model of yield genotype-by-environment interaction (YLDGEI), yield component GEIs (spikes per square meter [SPSMGEI], kernels per spike [KPSGEI], and thousand kernel weight [TKWGEI]), and adjusted cross-products (marker * environmental covariate). T, mean daily temperature; SR; total solar irradiance; P, total precipitation; suffix 0, the 3-mo period before sowing; 1, the first developmental period; 2, the second developmental period; and 3, the third developmental period. Arrows represent the direction of influence of variables. The numbers by the arrow lines represent the estimated standardized coefficients. The terms 
4, 3, 2, and 1 are the disturbance terms for yield and yield components and represent the unexplained variances of those variables. Covariances among all cross-product variables were estimated as part of the model but arrows among these variables were excluded to simplify the figure. Significance level: ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.
