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a Univ. of Arkansas Div. of Agric., Rice Res. and Ext. Ctr., 2900 Hwy. 130 E., Stuttgart, AR 72160
b Univ. of Arkansas Div. of Agric., Dep. of Plant Pathology, PTSC 217, Fayetteville, AR 72701
c Univ. of Arkansas, Dep. of Crops Soils and Environmental Sciences, PS 115, Fayetteville, AR 72701
* Corresponding author (kmolden{at}uark.edu)
‘Francis’ rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Reg. No. CV-127, PI 632447), a very high yielding, very short-season, long-grain cultivar developed by the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Francis was released in March 2002 and originated from the cross ‘Lebonnet’/CI9902/3/‘Dawn’/CI9695//‘Starbonnet’/4/‘LaGrue’ (cross no.19930887), made at the Rice Research and Extension Center, Stuttgart, AR, in 1993. Lebonnet (Bollich et al., 1975) released in 1974, is a large kernel, long-grain cultivar. CI 9902 is a short stature, lodging resistant, rice blast resistant, long-grain selection developed at Crowley, LA, and has the pedigree ‘Dawn’/245717/3/13-D// ‘Rexoro’/Unknown. Dawn (Bollich et al., 1968) is a blast resistant, long-grain gold-hulled cultivar widely used in crosses. CI9695 has the pedigree CI9453/CI9187//‘Bluebonnet 50’. Rexoro and Bluebonnet 50 were described by Johnston (1958). Starbonnet is a long grain cultivar described by Johnston et al. (1968). LaGrue is a high-yielding long-grain rice described by Moldenhauer et al. (1994). The experimental designation for early evaluation of Francis was STG96L05–077, starting with a bulk of F6 seed from the 1996 panicle row L05–077. Francis was tested in the Arkansas Rice Performance Trials (ARPT) and the Cooperative Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN) during 1999–2001 as entry RU9901081 (RU number indicates Cooperative Uniform Regional Rice Nursery; 99 indicates year entered; 01 indicates Stuttgart, AR; and 081 indicates entry number).
Francis is similar in maturity to ‘Cocodrie’(Linscombe et al., 2000). Like ‘Ahrent’ (Moldenhauer et al., 2006b), LaGrue, and ‘Wells’ (Moldenhauer et al., 2006a), Francis has greater straw strength, an indicator of lodging resistance, than ‘Kaybonnet’ (Gravois et al., 1995), or ‘Drew’ (Moldenhauer et al., 1998). On a relative straw strength scale (0 = very strong straw, 9 = very weak straw) Francis, Ahrent, Wells, LaGrue, Drew, Kaybonnet, and Cocodrie rated 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, and 2, respectively. Francis is 100 cm tall which is 10 to13 cm shorter than LaGrue, and between the height of Cocodrie and Wells, which are 98 and 104 cm, respectively.
Rough rice grain yields of Francis have consistently ranked as one of the highest in the Arkansas Rice Performance Trials (ARPT) being either equal to or greater than the yields of LaGrue, and Wells in all three years. In 14 ARPT tests (1999–2001), Francis, Ahrent, Wells, LaGrue, Kaybonnet, Drew, ‘Cypress’ (Linscombe et al., 1993), and Cocodrie averaged yields of 9374, 8618, 9122, 8870, 8014, 8164, 7459, and 8518 kg ha–1 [120 g kg–1 (12%) moisture], respectively. Data from the URRN conducted at Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas during 1999–2001 showed that Francis' average grain yield of 11239 kg ha–1 compared favorably with those of Ahrent, Wells, LaGrue, Drew, Kaybonnet, Cocodrie, and Cypress at 8921, 10231, 10483, 9274, 9526, 9626, and 8669 kg ha–1, respectively. Milling yields (mg g–1 whole kernel:mg g–1 total milled rice) at 120 mg g–1 moisture from the ARPT (1999–2001), averaged 620:700, 620:680, 580:720, 590:690, 610:700, 610:710, 650:710, and 650:700 for Francis, Ahrent, Wells, LaGrue, Kaybonnet, Drew, Cocodrie, and Cypress, respectively. Milling yields for the URRN during the same period of time averaged 580:690, 550:680, 550:700, 560:680, 610:690, 610:690, 610:690, and 630:690 for Francis, Ahrent, Wells, LaGrue, Kaybonnet, Drew, Cocodrie, and Cypress, respectively.
Francis, like Wells and LaGrue, is susceptible to common rice blast [Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.] races IB-1, IB-33, IB-49, IC-17, IE-1, and IE-1K with summary ratings in greenhouse tests of 7–8, 4–5, 7, 7–8, 5–6, and 6, respectively, using the standard disease scale of 0 = immune, 9 = maximum disease susceptibility. Francis is rated MS to sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) which compares with Ahrent (MS), Wells (MS), LaGrue (MS), Kaybonnet (MS), Cypress (VS) and Drew (MS), using the standard disease scale R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible and VS = very susceptible to disease. Francis is rated VS for kernel smut [Tilletia barclayana (Bref.) Sacc. & Syd. in Sacc.] which compares to Ahrent (MS), Wells (MR), LaGrue (VS), Kaybonnet (MS), Cypress (VS), and Drew (MS).
Francis is rated S to stem rot [Magnaporthe salvinii (Cattaneo) R. Krause & R. K. Webster], MR to leaf smut (Entyloma oryzae Syd. & P. Syd.), R to brown leaf spot [Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kuribayashi in Ito) Drechs. ex Dastur], R to narrow brown leaf spot (Cercospora oryzae Miyake), and S to false smut [Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah]. Francis, like LaGrue is susceptible for discolored kernels caused by the rice stink bug (Oebalus pugnax).
Plants of Francis have erect culms, green erect leaves, and glabrous lemma, palea, and leaf blades. The lemma and palea are straw colored with colorless and purple colored apiculi, and some short tip awns are present on the lemma at maturity. The purple apiculi color often fades to straw color at maturity. Kernels are similar in size to those of Ahrent and Drew. In the ARPT (1999–2000) individual milled kernel weights of Francis, Ahrent, Wells, LaGrue, Kaybonnet, Drew, Cypress, and Cocodrie, averaged 16.5, 16.5, 18.8, 17.8, 14.7, 16.1, 17.4, and 17.6 mg, respectively.
The endosperm of Francis is nonglutinous, nonaromatic, and covered by a light brown pericarp. Rice quality parameters indicate that Francis has typical southern U.S. long-grain rice cooking quality characteristics as described by Webb et al. (1985). Francis has an average apparent starch amylose content of 212 g kg–1 and an intermediate gelatinization temperature (70–75°C), as indicated by an average alkali (17 g kg–1 KOH) spreading reaction of 3 to 5.
The foundation seed field of Francis was rogued several times throughout the season. The variants that may be found in the release include any combination of the following: taller, shorter, earlier, later, glabrous or pubescent plants, as well as intermediate or very-long slender grains and grains with long awns. Other atypical plants may still be encountered in the cultivar. The total variants and/or off-types numbered less than 1 per 5000 plants.
U.S. Plant Variety Protection under the Plant Variety Act, Public Law 91–577 was awarded to Francis in 2005 (PVP no.200300066). Francis has also been granted U.S. Utility Patent No. 6,953,880 (filed February 28, 2003; issued October 11, 2005). Breeder and foundation seed of Francis will be maintained by the University of Arkansas, Rice Research and Extension Center, 2900 Hwy 130 E., Stuttgart, AR 72160. Requests for seeds must be made to the corresponding author until 20 years from the date of patent application filing by the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station (2003), at which time seed will also be available from the NPGS.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Appreciation is extended to the farm crew at RREC who helped with early multiplication and large scale testing of Francis. We also thank rice researchers in cooperating states for conducting the URRN. The support of the Rice Research and Promotion Board of Arkansas is highly appreciated.
NOTES
Published with the approval of the Director, Univ. of Arkansas Div. of Agric., Agric. Exp. Stn. The research was supported in part by grants from the Arkansas Rice Research and Promotion Board. Registration by CSSA.
Received for publication June 23, 2006.
REFERENCES
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