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a Exporter Union Seed and Research Company, Ergazi Mah. Koyici Serpmeleri, No. 4, Batikent, Ankara, Turkey
b Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Ankara, Turkey
c International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
* Corresponding author (R.Malhotra{at}cgiar.org)
‘Gokce’ (Reg. no. CV-266, PI 641935) is a large-seeded Kabuli type chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) developed at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, and released by the Central Research Institute for Field Crops (CRIFC) Ankara, Turkey for spring planting in Turkey. Gokce has a high level of tolerance to Ascochyta blight [caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labrousse], a disease that devastates chickpea crops globally.
The Food Legume Improvement Program of CRIFC introduced the line FLIP 87–8C from ICARDA in 1991 as a part of the Chickpea International Yield Trial-Early (CIYT-E). FLIP 87–8C is a breeding line derived from a cross between ILC 3398 and FLIP 83–13C made during the 1984–1985 season at Tel Hadya, the main research station of ICARDA, in Aleppo in northern Syria (36°0' N lat; 36°33' E long, 284 masl). The line FLIP 83–13C developed at ICARDA was derived from a cross between ILC 72 and ILC 215. The F1 between ILC 3398 and FLIP 83–13C was advanced during the off-season at Sarghaya (33°49' N lat; 35°59' E long, 890 masl), in the high altitude area of Syria near the Bequa'a Valley in Lebanon in the off-season in 1985. F2 seeds were planted in the Ascochyta Blight Disease Nursery (ABDN) at Tel Hadya in the 1985–1986 season. The Ascochyta blight disease was developed in the ABDN using debris of infested plants from the previous season and artificial inoculation with Ascochyta blight spore suspension. The Ascochyta blight resistant F2 plants were selected and grown at Terbol in the Bequa'a Valley in Lebanon in the off-season in 1986 in progeny rows. A few plants from each F3 progeny were selected at Terbol and F4 progenies were planted at Tel Hadya in the ABDN in 1986–1987 for evaluation for Ascochyta blight resistance. The uniform lines with resistance to Ascochyta blight were selected, rouged for any infected plants within each progeny, and bulked. The seeds of bulked lines were increased at Terbol in the off-season in 1987 for preliminary evaluation for uniformity, seed size, seed yield, and other agronomic traits in the Preliminary Yield Trial (PYT) at Tel Hadya. During the 1987–1988 season these lines were evaluated for agronomic traits in the PYT, for Ascochyta blight resistance and cold tolerance in the ABDN, and increased for future use. The uniform Ascochyta blight and cold tolerant lines were selected, assigned FLIP 87– numbers including FLIP 87–8C (‘Gokce’), and included in the Chickpea International Screening Nurseries and Yield Trials. These nurseries and trials were shared with the national programs in different countries including Turkey. The line FLIP 87–8C was entered in the Chickpea International Yield Trial early in 1991.
FLIP 87–8C was initially tested at the Central Research Institute research farm at Haymana, located 45 km northwest of Ankara, Turkey. The line was subsequently tested in 1992 and 1993 in regional yield trials at five contrasting locations (Corum, Haymana, Karaman, Konya and Yozgat). FLIP 87–8C matured about 10 d earlier and produced 10 to 55% higher seed yield than the registered check, ‘Akcin 91’. It is highly adapted in Central Anatolia where farmers practice late plantings of chickpea to escape Ascochyta blight. FLIP 87–8C was included in the national variety registration trial in 1994. It was tested in six locations throughout Turkey along with other candidates and check lines. In Central Anatolia, the main chickpea production area of Turkey, the growing period for chickpea is shortened at least 30 d and the crop often faces terminal drought because of late planting. Due to earliness, FLIP 87–8C escaped terminal drought and produced a low of 970 kg ha–1 in a relatively dry year (annual rainfall approaching 200 mm) and a high of 3020 kg ha–1 in a relatively wet year (annual rainfall approaching 400 mm). At the same locations overall yield ranged from 400 to 2750 kg/ha. With a supplementary irrigation at seedling stage before flowering, Gokce was able to produce up to 3750 kg ha–1 seed yield.
FLIP 87–8C was registered and released by the National Variety Registration and Release Committee in 1997 for commercial production in Turkey under the name of Gokce. The plants of Gokce are erect with a mean plant height of 35 cm at maturity, which permit harvest by combine. Gokce exhibits indeterminate flowering habit and bears white flowers. Pods of Gokce are generally hairy and single-seeded. Seeds of Gokce weigh 45 to 47 g 100 seed–1 and are light cream in color. When passed through sieves (with round holes) of different sizes, 20 to 30% of seeds are above 9 mm in diameter, 70 to 80% between 8 and 9 mm; and 5% with less than 8 mm diameter. Gokce is favored for its high quality seed (i.e., 8 and 9 mm diameter) by Turkish chickpea exporters.
Seed of Gokce is maintained by CRIFC, Ankara, Turkey, and by the Integrated Gene Management Program of ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria and is available in small quantities on written request from the corresponding author for the first 5 yr. Certified seeds are produced by private seed companies in Turkey and are available commercially for export from Turkey. Recipients are requested to recognize the source if it contributes to the development of a cultivar or germplasm or if it is used for other research purposes.
NOTES
Received for publication December 6, 2005.
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