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a Retired, Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
b Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
c USDA-ARS, Northern Crop Science Lab., Fargo, ND
d Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
* Corresponding author (mohamed.mergoum{at}ndsu.nodak.edu)
‘Alsen’ (Reg. no. CV-997, PI 615543), is a hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) developed at North Dakota State University (NDSU) and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) in July 2000. Alsen was released because it combines resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) [caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch)], high grain yield, and excellent end-use quality for the domestic and export wheat markets.
Alsen was derived from the "ND674//ND2710 (PI 633976)/ND688" cross made at NDSU in the spring of 1995. ND674 (‘Grandin’(PI 531005)*2/‘Glupro’ (PI 592759)) and ND688 (Grandin/3/IAS20*4/H567.71//‘Amidon’ (PI 527682)) are two hard red spring experimental lines that have good adaptation to North Dakota wheat growing conditions and good end-use quality. ND674 is derived from Glupro, a HRSW cultivar released in 1995 by the NDAES for its very high grain protein content derived from Triticum dicoccoides (Koern. ex Asch. & Graebner) Aarons. ND2710 (Frohberg et al., 2004) is a hard red spring germplasm developed from the cross ND2603/Grandin made in 1991. Grandin is a HRSW cultivar released by the NDAES in 1989 and ND2603 was developed from the cross ‘Sumai3’ (PI 481542)/‘Wheaton’ (PI 469271) made in 1987. Sumai3, a spring wheat from China, is arguably the most used source of resistance to FHB in the world (Wilcoxson, 1993; Rudd et al., 2001).
The F1 seeds from the cross leading to Alsen were grown in the field at Prosper, ND, in summer of 1995 and the F2 population was grown in the greenhouse in the fall of 1995. From the F2 population, 200 spikes were harvested, threshed individually, and advanced to obtain F2:3 seed in the greenhouse in the spring of 1996 by the single seed descent method. Selection in the F2 and F3 generations was based on reaction to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) and agronomic merits including plant vigor, height, and earliness. Subsequently, 100 spikes selected from the F2:3 were threshed individually and sown as F3:4 hill plots in the FHB nursery at Prosper, ND, in the summer of 1996. The FHB nursery was inoculated with the FHB pathogen by the "Spray inoculation" method (Rudd et al., 2001) and overhead mist irrigation to enhance disease development. Ten spikes from each hill showing less than 10% FHB disease severity (Stack et al., 1997) were harvested, threshed individually, and advanced as F4:5 head row plots in the New Zealand (NZ) off-season nursery during the 1996–1997 crop cycle. Selected rows from NZ were harvested in bulk and planted in a F4:6 preliminary trial at 3 locations in North Dakota in 1997. In NZ, selection was based mainly on visual uniformity, grain shattering, plant height, and lodging resistance.
Alsen was produced from a bulk of one purified F4:5 plot selected in 1997 at Christchurch, NZ. After the 1997 Preliminary trial, Alsen was subsequently tested as an F4:7 in the elite yield trials at four locations in North Dakota in 1998. Alsen was tested as ND716 at 11 location-years in the North Dakota Variety Trials (NDVT) in 1998 and 1999 and in the HRSW Uniform Regional Nursery (URN) (16 locations) in 1999. The URN is conducted in the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, Washington, and Manitoba, Canada. The first seed increase of Alsen was grown in California and New Zealand in the winter–spring of 1998–1999 crop season.
In the 11 location-years of testing in the NDVT in 1998 and 1999, grain yield of Alsen (2949 kg ha–1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than Grandin (2550 kg ha–1), ‘Gunner’ (PI 594043) (2764 kg ha–1), and ‘Keene’ (PI 633862) (2691 kg ha–1) but less than ‘Parshall’ (PI 613587) (3125 kg ha–1) and ‘Reeder’ (PI 613586) (3369 kg ha–1). In the same trials, grain volume of Alsen was 767 kg m–3, similar to 772, 768, and 762 kg m–3 for Gunner, Keene, and Reeder, respectively; but significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 748 kg m–3 of Grandin and less than 788 kg m–3 of Parshall. Protein content of Alsen (151 g kg–1) was similar to Grandin (150 g kg–1) and ‘Butte 86’ (152 g kg–1) and higher than Reeder (145 g kg–1). In the 16 locations of the URN conducted in 1999, mean grain yield and grain volume weight of Alsen were 2862 kg ha–1 and 763 kg m–3 compared with 2882 kg ha–1 and 748 kg m–3, 3003 kg ha–1 and 745 kg m–3, and 2802 kg ha–1 and 752 kg m–3 recorded for Keene, ‘Verde’ (PI 592561), and ‘Pioneer 2375’, respectively.
Flour yield of Alsen in 11 NDVT trials grown in 1998 and 1999 averaged 682 g kg–1 compared to 693, 669, and 697 g kg–1 for Grandin, Butte 86, and ‘Trenton’, respectively. Water absorption of Alsen was 65.2%, significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Trenton (62.8%) but similar to Grandin (63.8%) and Butte 86 (65%). Mixogram mix time (after 3 h fermentation) for Alsen was 2.93 min compared with 3.01, 2.00 and 3.00 min for Grandin, Butte 86, and Trenton, respectively. The mixing tolerance score of Alsen (21.6 min) was higher (P < 0.05) than Butte 86 (14.1 min) comparable to Grandin (20.0 min) and significantly (P < 0.05) less than Trenton (31.1 min). Loaf volume of Alsen was 1048 mL, comparable to Butte 86 (1035 mL), but less (P < 0.05) than Grandin (1064 mL) and Trenton (1057 mL).
Alsen was tested for FHB from 1997 to 1999 in six trials at Prosper, ND, under artificial inoculation using grain-spawn inoculation (Stack et al., 1997) and overhead irrigation techniques. It was also evaluated in four environments under natural FHB infection and in three experiments under greenhouse conditions using the spray inoculation. On the basis of six trials conducted under artificial inoculation and field conditions, the FHB severity (Stack et al., 1997) for Alsen (42%) was significantly higher than the most resistant line ND2710 (31%) but significantly lower than the susceptible checks Grandin (69%), Gunner (60%), 2375 (63%), and the very susceptible checks ‘B331’ (90%) and ‘Pioneer 2398’ (87%). Similarly, on the basis of the four location-years of testing for FHB under natural infection and field conditions, the FHB severity for Alsen was 10% compared with 2, 24, 13, 20, 44, and 36% scored for 2710, Grandin, Gunner, 2375, B331, and Pioneer 2398, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, the FHB incidence of Alsen based on three tests was 14% compared with 5, 39, and 73% for 2710, Grandin, and B331, respectively. Alsen was also evaluated for the levels of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by FHB in four naturally and two artificially infected field tests. Under natural infection, the DON level of Alsen was 0.8 µg g–1 compared with 1.7, 2.9, 0.8, 1.8, 3.1, and 2.9 µg g–1 for 2710, Grandin, Gunner, 2375, B331, and Pioneer 2398, respectively. Under artificial inoculation, the DON level of Alsen (10 µg g–1) was higher (P < 0.05) than ND2710 (2.9 µg g–1) but significantly lower that than the DON levels of Grandin (21.2 µg g–1), Gunner (12.2 µg g–1), 2375 (30.5 µg g–1), B331 (55.7 µg g–1), and Pioneer 2398 (23 µg g–1). Under greenhouse conditions, the DON levels of Alsen based on three tests was 1.8 µg g–1 compared with 1.4, 27.3, and 106 µg g–1 for 2710, Grandin, and B33, respectively.
Seedling and adult plant screening tests conducted under greenhouse conditions from 1997–1999 showed that Alsen exhibited a medium level of resistance to pathotype THBL, the predominant race of leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) in the region. Alsen was evaluated from 1997 to 1999 at the USDA-ARS, Cereal Crop Research Unit, Fargo, ND, for resistance to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn) and was found to be resistant to pathotypes Pgt-QCCJ, -QTHJ, -RTQQ, -TMLK, -TPMK, and -HPHJ. On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is resistant and 5 susceptible, Alsen had average scores of 4 and 4 in reaction to Septoria nodorum [caused by Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & E.G. Germano] and tan spot [caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs] compared with 1 and 1 for the resistant check ‘Erik’ (PI 476849), respectively.
Alsen is an awned, medium-early maturing, and semidwarf HRSW. The spike is awned, middense, tapering to elliptical in shape. The awns are white and are 8 to 10 cm in length. The glumes of Alsen are medium and yellow with elevated shoulder and acuminate beak. The glumes width and shoulder length are medium. The kernels are hard, red, and oval; the germ is medium; and the brush is medium long. The crease is mid-deep and mid-wide and the cheek is angular. Alsen has a lax spike type with plant height (78 cm) similar of to Reeder and Grandin (80 cm); 12 and 14 cm shorter than Parshall and Keene; and 3 cm taller than ‘HJ98’ (PI 608723). The number of days from planting to heading of Alsen (61 d) is similar to Grandin, Reeder, and Parshall but 4 d earlier than ‘McVey’ (PI 612966) (Bush et al., 2001). Under environmental conditions favorable to grain shattering, Alsen may show some of shattering (less than 5%) comparable to Reeder, HJ98, and Gunner, while no shattering was observed on Keene, McVey, and Parshall. On a 1-to-9 scale for lodging score (LS) where 1 is resistant to lodging and 9 is very susceptible to lodging, Alsen is has good straw strength (LS = 1) comparable to Reeder (LS = 1.3), Keene (LS = 1.1), and Gunner (LS = 1.3) but better than McVey (LS = 4.5).
Breeder seed of Alsen is maintained by the Seed Stocks Project, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo ND 58105–5051. Alsen is protected under the U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act with recognized classes of Foundation, Registered, and Certified seed (PVP 200100066). Small quantities of seed may be obtained from the corresponding author for at least 5 yr.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Dr G. Statler (Dep. of Plant Pathology, NDSU, Fargo) for leaf rust evaluation.
NOTES
Received for publication April 24, 2006.
REFERENCES
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