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CROP BREEDING & GENETICS

Genetic Effects of Thirteen Gossypium barbadense L. Chromosome Substitution Lines in Topcrosses with Upland Cotton Cultivars: I. Yield and Yield Components

^a Crop Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762
^b Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
^c Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2474

^* Corresponding author(jnjenkins{at}ars.usda.gov)

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Gossypium barbadense L. line 3–79 is lower in yield, has smaller bolls and longer, finer, and stronger fibers than upland cotton G. hirsutum L. Thirteen chromosome substitution (CS-B) lines with individual 3–79 chromosomes or arms substituted into TM-1, G. hirsutum, were top crossed with five elite cultivars and additive and dominance effects for the yield components, lint percentage, boll weight, seed cotton yield, and lint yield, were measured over four environments. Additive effects were greater than dominance effects for all traits. CS-B lines had smaller additive and homozygous dominance effects than the cultivars for most traits. Many CS-B lines had negative additive effects; however, chromosome substituted arms 22sh and 22Lo showed additive effects for lint yield that were significantly greater than homologous chromosome arms in TM-1. Hybrids of DP90 x CS-B15sh, ST 474 x CS-B17, and FM 966 x CS-B02 had positive dominance effects for lint yield significantly greater than the homologous chromosomes in TM-1. Several chromosomes or arms were associated with significant negative additive or dominance effects. These data provide a valuable baseline on yield components for the utility of these CS-B lines in commercial breeding programs. When individual chromosomes or chromosome arms, via CS-B lines, are used in crosses with cultivars, alleles for yield components on specific G. barbadense chromosomes were uncovered that showed positive interactions with alleles in elite germplasm.

Abbreviations: CS-B, Chromosome substitution line from G. barbadense • GCA, general combining ability • SCA, specific combining ability • RS, Recombinant substituted lines

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
UPLAND COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L., 2n = 52) is the most extensively cultivated cotton species and has high lint productivity. It is an allelotetraploid with 13 pairs of chromosomes from subgenome A and 13 from subgenome D. The level of intraspecific polymorphism revealed by assessment at the DNA molecular level is low in G. hirsutum, especially among agriculturally elite types, (Gutiérrez et al., 2002; Ulloa and Meredith, 2000; Wendel et al., 1989). Gossypium barbadense L., also a cultivated species, shares the same two subgenomes with G. hirsutum, and has superior fiber properties of length, micronaire, and strength. Interspecific germplasm introgression is particularly attractive as it utilizes natural resources and can be targeted to one or more specific traits or genes. However, crossing these two species usually leads to difficulties such as infertility, cytological abnormalities and distorted segregation in the F₂ generation and beyond.

Chromosome substitution has been an indispensable method for intraspecific germplasm introgression into bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 42) and has been useful for genetic analysis and breeding (Al-Quadhy et al., 1988; Berke et al., 1992a, 1992b; Campbell et al., 2003; Campbell et al., 2004; Kaeppler, 1997; Law, 1966; Mansur et al., 1990; Shah et al., 1999; Yen and Baenziger, 1992; Yen et al., 1997; Zemetra and Morris, 1988, and Zemetra et al., 1986). Methods for development of interspecific chromosome substitution in G. hirsutum were outlined by Endrezzi (1963), and several of the initially discovered G. hirsutum monosomics were used to substitute G. barbadense chromosomes into G. hirsutum (Endrezzi, 1963; Kohel et al., 1977; Ma and Kohel, 1983). We have developed and released 17 disomic, chromosome substitution (CS-B) lines through hypoaneuploid-based backcross chromosome substitution, using as recurrent parent a previously developed monosomic or monotelodisomic near-isogenic backcross derivative of TM-1. In each CS-B line, a pair of chromosomes (or chromosome arms) of G. hirsutum inbred TM-1 was replaced by the respective pair from G. barbadense doubled-haploid 3–79 lines (Stelly et al., 2004a, 2004b, 2005). These substitution lines are near-isogenic to the recurrent parent TM-1 for 25 chromosome pairs, and are near-isogenic to one another, for 24 chromosome pairs. Such a highly uniform genetic background among these CS-B lines provides an opportunity to associate traits of importance with specific chromosomes or chromosome arms, in the TM-1 background using comparative analysis. In our previous research with only data from CS-B lines and TM-1 lines, we could not separate additive and epistatic effects (Saha et al., 2004a, 2004b). Study of several CS-B lines (Kohel et al., 1977; Ma and Kohel 1983) indicated that chromosome 6 was associated with higher lint percentage, finer fiber, and later flowering; whereas, chromosome 17 was associated with short fiber length. QTL for boll size, lint percentage, fiber length, and fiber elongation were mapped to chromosome 16 using 178 families from the cross of a substitution line for chromosome 16 and TM-1 (Ren et al., 2002). Recent analyses of an expanded set of new and resynthesized CS-B lines, per se, showed that chromosomes 16 and 18, from 3–79, were associated with reductions in yield, and chromosome 25 of 3–79 was associated with reduced micronaire and increased fiber length and strength compared with TM-1 (Saha et al., 2004a, 2004b). These studies provide good genetic information relative to genetic association of traits with substituted chromosomes or chromosome arms. However, the merit of these CS-B lines for breeding and genetic improvement of upland cultivars has not been investigated before this study.

We crossed 13 CS-B lines, the recurrent parent TM-1, and the donor parent 3–79 with five elite cultivars. The 75 F₂ hybrids and 20 parents were evaluated in four environments for yield traits. The objectives were to estimate variance components and genetic effects to determine which CS-B lines can be used as good combiners for improving cotton fiber quality and yield in breeding programs. In addition, we can determine specific chromosomes associated with important traits. In the present manuscript, we focus on yield and yield components.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Development of Plant Materials
Five elite cultivars, Deltapine 90 (DP90); Sure-Grow 747 (SG 747); Phytogen 355(PSC 355); Stoneville 474 (ST 474), and FiberMax 966(FM 966); representing the major cotton seed breeding companies in the USA, were crossed as females with 13 CS-B lines (Stelly et al., 2004b, 2005), TM-1, and G. barbadense line 3–79 (Table 1). The CS-B lines include five subgenome A and eight subgenome D chromosomes or chromosome arms from 3–79 (G. barbadense) substituted into TM-1.

Data Analyses
Analysis of Phenotypic Data
Yield and yield component data were analyzed by analysis of variance using SAS procedures (SAS Institute 2001). Means were separated by Fisher's protected least significant difference (LSD) at the 0.05 level. Parents and F₂ were analyzed separately. Mean squares for genotype effects were considerably greater than mean squares for the genotype x environment interactions (data not shown), thus we report parent and F₂ data as means across environments.

Genetic Analysis
An additive–dominance (AD) genetic model, with G x E interaction was also used for data analysis (Tang et al., 1996; Wu et al., 1995; Zhu, 1993, 1994). This genetic model is based on the following two genetic assumptions: (i) normal diploid segregation and (ii) dominance effects (interaction effects between alleles at each locus). The genetic model for parent i at environment h is expressed as follows,

The genetic model for a F₂ between parents i and j at environment h is expressed as follows,

where, µ is population mean, E_h is environmental effect, A_i or A_j is the additive effect, D_ii, D_jj, or D_ij is the dominance effect, AE_hi or AE_hj is the additive x environment interaction effect, DE_hii, DE_hjj, or DE_hij is the dominance x environment interaction effect, B_k(h) is the block effect, and e_hijk is the random error.

In this study, some coefficients for genetic effects were fractions rather than 0 and 1, thus, ANOVA (analysis of variance) and GLM (general linear model) methods were not appropriate for the genetic analyses. The purposes of our study were to calculate the genetic variances and genetic effects for each genetic component. The phenotypic variance was partitioned into components for additive (V_A), dominance (V_D), additive x environment (V_AE), dominance x environment (V_DE), and residual (V_e) and expressed as proportions of the total phenotypic variance (Tang et al., 1996) Thus, we considered µ and E_h as fixed and the remaining effects as random. A mixed linear model approach, minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation with an initial value of 1.0 called MINQUE1, was used to estimate the variance components (Zhu, 1998). Genetic effects were predicted by the adjusted unbiased prediction (AUP) approach (Zhu, 1993). Standard errors of variance components and genetic effects were estimated by jackknife resampling over one replication within each environment. An approximate one-tailed t test (df = 15) was used to detect the significance of variance components and a two-tailed t test was used to detect the significance of genetic effects (Miller, 1974).

By this method, the predicted genetic effects were deviations from the respective population grand mean µ, not from TM-1. A t test was utilized to detect the significance of genetic effects from zero. For the CS-B parents these are measures of the additive or homozygous dominance effects of the entire genome of the CS-B parent (25 chromosomes from TM-1 and one chromosome from 3–79). In addition, a significant difference for additive effects or homozygous dominance effects, for a quantitative trait, between a specific CS-B line and TM-1 was considered as a significant additive or homozygous dominance chromosome effect because of the specific substituted chromosome or chromosome arm from 3–79.

Among the F₂ hybrids, the deviation of the heterozygous dominance effect for a CS-B line and a cultivar from the heterozygous dominance for TM-1 line and the same cultivar can be considered as due to the allelic interactions between the substituted chromosome or the chromosome arm from 3–79 in the CS-B line and the homologous chromosome or arm in the respective cultivar.

Mathematically, if we define D_i1 as the heterozygous dominance effects between the female parent i and the male parent TM-1, and D_ij as the heterozygous dominant effect between the female parent i and a CS-B line j, then the value of D_ij minus D_i1 can be considered as the allelic interaction effect (heterozygous dominance effect) due to the specific substituted chromosome or arm from 3–79 and the homologous chromosome or arm in female cultivar parent i. This is essentially a probe of the specific combination between the specific chromosome in the cultivar and the homologous chromosome from 3–79 in the CS-B line.

The significance of the difference between the genetics effects for a CS-B line and TM-1 was detected by the method of Paterson (1939) using the standard error of the difference between two means.

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Mean Comparisons among Parents
On the average, the five cultivar parents had higher lint percentage, seed cotton yield, and lint yield than any CS-B line, TM-1, or 3–79 (Table 1). This was an expected result because the TM-1 and 3–79 parents are from obsolete cultivars. ST 474 had the highest lint percentage (43.95%) among parents. CS-B16, CS-B18, CS-B05sh, CS-B22sh, CS-B22Lo, and 3–79 had higher lint percentage than TM-1, while CS-B17, CS-B25, CS-B14sh, and CS-B15sh had lower lint percentage than TM-1 (Table 1). FM 966 had the heaviest bolls (6.04 g) among the parents. TM-1 bolls (5.72 g) were heavier than four cultivars and 3–79 but were lighter than FM 966. No CS-B lines produced heavier bolls than TM-1; however, CS-B07, CS-B17, CS-B18, CS-B25, CS-B05sh, CS-B14sh, CS-B22sh, CS-B22Lo, and 3–79 bolls were lighter than TM-1; whereas, CS-B02, CS-B04, CS-B06, CS-B16, and CS-B15sh were not different in boll weight than TM-1. No CS-B lines yielded more seed cotton than TM-1 while CS-B16, CS-B18, CS-B14sh, and 3–79 yielded less seed cotton than TM-1. Among CS-B lines only CS-B22Lo had higher lint yield than TM-1; whereas, CS-B16, CS-B17, CS-B18, and CS-B14sh had lower lint yields than TM-1, (Table 1).

Mean Comparisons among F₂ Hybrids
The means of hybrids across cultivars for each CS-B parent had higher lint percentage, heavier bolls, and greater seedcotton and lint yields than most of the CS-B parents, indicating that dominance effects are important for controlling each of these traits (Tables 1–5). Ranges among CS-B hybrids over four environments were 35.98 to 41.16% for lint percentage, 4.75 to 6.39 g for bolls, 2369 to 4055 kg ha^–1 for seed cotton, and 895 to 1570 kg for lint ha^–1 (Tables 2–5).

The mean boll weight of hybrids with each cultivar ranged from 5.23 to 5.89 g boll^–1 (Table 3). The hybrids with FM 966 had the heaviest bolls. When averaged across cultivars, there were six CS-B hybrids with smaller bolls and two with larger bolls than hybrids with TM-1. All hybrids with 3–79 had boll weight less than or equal to 4.10 g; whereas, only hybrid ST 474 x CS-B14sh had boll weight less than 5 g. There were 61 hybrids with boll weight significantly greater than 5 g, and 4 hybrids with FM 966 with boll weight significantly greater than 6 g (Table 3).

Mean seed cotton yields of hybrids with FM 966 were significantly greater than hybrids with the other cultivars. This cultivar was also the highest in seed cotton yield. Among individual hybrid yields, the hybrid FM 966 x CS-B02, produced more seed cotton than any hybrid except FM 966 x CS-B22Lo. No CS-B hybrid mean yield across cultivars was significantly greater than the TM-1 hybrid mean across cultivars and three were less than TM-1 hybrids. The hybrids with 3–79 yielded the least seed cotton among all hybrids (Table 4).

The mean lint yields of hybrids with each cultivar ranged from 1112 to 1315 kg ha^–1. The average yield of hybrids with DP 90 and ST 474 was significantly lower than hybrids with the other three cultivars. The mean lint yield of hybrids with FM 966 was the highest. Considering the means of hybrids across the five cultivars, hybrids with CS-B22Lo had lint yields significantly greater than TM-1 hybrids; whereas, hybrids with CS-B16, CS-B18, and CS-B14sh had lint yields significantly less than hybrids with TM-1. All 3–79 hybrids produced less than 600 kg ha^–1 of lint. There were 57 of the 75 hybrids with lint yield significantly greater than 1000 and nine hybrids yielded significantly greater than 1200 kg ha^–1 (Table 5). Thus, hybrids of elite cultivars with specific CS-B lines offer a better opportunity to use genes from 3–79, G. barbadense to improve lint yields than crosses of elite cultivars with the entire genome of 3–79.

Variance Components
We expect that chromosome substitution lines (i.e., CS-B) when crossed with elite cultivars will reduce a trait's phenotypic complexity when compared to interspecific lineages with the same elite cultivars. This reduction in phenotypic complexity will improve variance component estimates.

The variance components were expressed as proportions of the phenotypic variance and are summarized in Table 6. Additive effects contributed the most to yield and yield components (lint percentage 57.6%, boll weight 58.1%, seed cotton yield 37.7%, and lint yield 41.9%). Dominance effects also made significant contributions to the phenotypic variance (lint percentage 30.2%, boll weight 24.8%, seed cotton 15.9%, and lint yield 17.6%). The G x E interaction variance [(V_AE + V_DE)/V_P] contributed less than 10% to the phenotypic variance for lint percentage and boll weight and accounted for 24 and 22% to the phenotypic variance for seed cotton yield and lint cotton yield, respectively. Thus, the larger proportion of the phenotypic variance attributed to additive effects, indicates that these effects can be utilized in breeding programs designed to produce cultivars. The significant dominance components also indicate that specific CS-B lines may be useful for developing hybrid cottons. In this present study, we bridge across genetic interest to plant breeding interest as we probe the genetic effects of a specific 3–79 chromosome or chromosome arm and the homologous chromosome or arm in the elite cultivars.

Lint Percentage
Additive effects for lint percentage were significantly different from TM-1, but negative, for CS-B02, CS-B04, CS-B07, CS-B25, CS-B05sh, CS-B14sh, and CS-B15sh. However, CS-B16, CS-B18, CS-B22sh, and CS-B22Lo had positive additive effects for lint percentage that were significantly greater than TM-1. Thus, alleles on chromosomes 16, 18, 22sh, and 22Lo from 3–79 contribute greater additive effects for lint percentage than alleles on the homologous chromosomes in TM-1 (Table 7).

Seed Cotton Yield
Additive effects for seed cotton yield were positive and significantly different than zero for all cultivars and CS-B02; however, no chromosome from 3–79 had additive effects significantly greater than additive effects of the homologous chromosome in TM-1. Additive effects on seed cotton yield for chromosomes 16, 17, 18, and 14sh from 3–79 were negative and less than additive effects for homologous chromosomes from TM-1. A large negative additive effect on yield was found for the whole genome 3–79 (Table 7).

Lint Yield
Additive effects on lint yield for all cultivars were positive and greater than TM-1. Chromosomes 22sh and 22Lo from 3–79 had positive additive effects that were significantly greater than the homologous chromosomes from TM-1; however, additive effects for chromosomes 16, 17, 18, and 14sh from 3–79 were negative and less than the homologous chromosomes from TM-1 (Table 7).

Dominance Genetic Effects
Dominance effects can be considered as measuring the specific combining ability (SCA) of parents in specific hybrid combinations. We estimated two types of dominance effects, homozygous (D_ii) and heterozygous (D_ij). A negative homozygous dominance effect for a parent will result in inbreeding depression in generations following the use of this parent in a cross. High heterozygous dominance effects between two parents should result in high heterosis in the F₁ or F₂ hybrid. The homozygous dominance effects are summarized in Table 8 and the heterozygous dominance effects in Tables 9–12.

Heterozygous Dominance Effects
Lint Percentage
In hybrids with DP 90, heterozygous dominance effects for lint percentage for substituted chromosomes 17 and 22sh were significantly greater than for the homologous chromosome in TM-1 (Table 9). In hybrids with SG 747, dominance effects for substituted chromosomes 4, 18, and 22sh were significantly greater than homologous chromosomes in TM-1. In hybrids with PSC 355, dominance effects for substituted chromosome 4, 6, 7, 17, 18, 05sh, 14sh, 15sh, and 22sh were significantly greater than homologous chromosomes in TM-1. In hybrids with ST 474, dominance effects for substituted chromosome 17 was significantly greater than chromosome 17 in TM-1; whereas, dominance effects for substituted chromosomes 6, 5sh, and 15sh from 3–79 were significantly less than the homologous chromosomes in TM-1. ST 474 had the highest lint percentage among cultivars and CS-B17 had the lowest. In hybrids with FM 966, substituted chromosomes 6, 16, 22sh, and 22Lo had heterozygous dominance effects for lint percentage that were significantly greater than the homologous chromosomes in TM-1. These data indicate that specific substituted chromosomes from 3–79 interact to provide significant, positive, heterozygous dominance effects greater than the homologous TM-1 chromosome and much better than the negative dominance effects from the whole genome 3–79 crosses. Thus, these effect are essentially the heterozygous dominance effects of alleles on individual chromosomes from 3–79 with the homologous chromosome in cultivars or they could be viewed as chromosome specific heterozygous dominance effects. Thus, these data show that we can use specific chromosome substitution lines in crosses with cultivars and overcome the negative dominance effects on lint percentage obtained when the whole genome of 3–79 is used in crosses. This should also avoid the hybrid incompatibility of the interspecific genome cross between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense.

Boll Weight
When the entire genome of 3–79 was crossed with each cultivar, heterozygous dominance effects were very negative and less than TM-1 for all hybrids, except with SG747 (Table 10). In hybrids with DP 90, substituted chromosomes 6, 7, 17, 14sh, and 22sh from 3–79 had heterozygous dominance effects significantly greater than the homologous chromosomes from TM-1 (Table 10). No chromosomes showed heterozygous dominance effects different from TM-1 in hybrids with SG 747. In hybrids with PSC 355, substituted chromosomes 7, 25, and 22sh had heterozygous dominance effects that were negative and significantly less than homologous chromosomes from TM-1. In hybrids with ST 474, substituted chromosomes 4 and 15sh had positive heterozygous dominance effects significantly greater than homologous chromosomes from TM-1. In hybrids with FM 966, chromosomes 4, 16, and 22sh from 3–79 had positive heterozygous dominance effects significantly greater than homologous chromosomes from TM-1. Breeders should be able to increase boll weight of hybrids by using specific CS-B lines in crosses with DP 90, ST 474, and FM 966.

Seed Cotton Yield
All hybrids with 3–79 exhibited large, significant, negative heterozygous dominance effects for seed cotton yield (Table 11). Crosses of ST 474 x CS-B17 and FM 966 x CS-B02 had positive heterozygous dominance for seed cotton yield which were greater than the homologous chromosomes from TM-1, even though the cross of the entire genome of 3–79 with cultivars has a large negative effect on seed cotton yield (Table 11).

Lint Cotton Yield
All hybrids with 3–79 exhibited large and negative heterozygous dominance effects for lint yield (Table 12). Hybrids of DP 90 x CS-B15sh, ST 474 x CS-B17, and FM 966 x CS-B02 exhibited large and positive dominance effects for lint yield which were greater than corresponding hybrids with TM-1. The final product is lint yield and in these three hybrids, chromosomes, 2, 15sh and 17, from 3–79 contributed alleles that produced significantly greater heterozygous dominance effects for lint yield than alleles from the homologous chromosomes in TM-1.

	CONCLUSIONS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
We can consider additive effects as representing GCA effects and heterozygous dominance effects as SCA effects. The five cultivars, as expected, had larger additive effects for lint percentage and lint cotton yield than each of the CS-B lines, indicating that these cultivars were good combiners for improving lint percentage and lint cotton yield compared to these CS-B lines. All whole genome F₂ hybrid lines involving 3–79 displayed "hybrid breakdown" typical for F₂ populations between these two species. This hybrid breakdown is accompanied by partial sterility, poor seed viability, and other disruptions. The incompatibility between these two species may not necessarily affect specific yield related genes, but could be the result of disruption of regulatory genes determining fertility, seed viability, etc. The value of the CS-B lines is that they allow chromosome specific genetic effects to be dissected from the 3–79 genome and utilized for improvements in yield components and lint yield.

Chromosomes 22sh and 22Lo from 3–79 are good examples of small but significant increases of 54 and 60 kg lint ha^–1 because of additive effects. Three specific crosses involving chromosomes 2, 17, and 15sh from 3–79 are examples of significant heterozygous dominance effects for lint yield of 396, 273, and 274 kg lint ha^–1, respectively. These chromosome specific positive effects indicate that the CS-B lines can provide access to useful QTL alleles in G. barbadense 3–79 that are not easily detectable or useful at the whole genome cross. Chromosomes 16, 18, 22sh, and 22Lo showed significant, positive additive effects for lint percentage, 22sh and 22Lo showed significant and positive additive effects for lint yield, and chromosomes 4, 6, and 15sh had significant and positive additive effects for boll weight that were each greater than the respective additive effects of TM-1. These are specific examples of alleles from specific chromosomes or arms of 3–79 that are uncovered in the CS-B lines and that were better than alleles in TM-1. Considering that 3–79 has a smaller boll and produces less lint yield than TM-1 this illustrates the utility of using CS-B lines to uncover useful genetic alleles.

The five cultivars used in these crosses represent diverse commercial breeding programs; therefore, the results from these studies should offer guidance to commercial use of these CS-B germplasm in breeding programs.

Jenkins et al. (2004) reported that chromosome 25 of 3–79 had greater additive effects on fiber length and fiber strength and chromosome arms 22sh and 22Lo had greater additive effects for lint percentage and lint yield than the homologous chromosomes in TM-1 and that most traits showed predominantly additive effects, using data from two environments, for the same top crosses used in this present study. In the current study, we expanded the environments to four and thus obtained a better estimate of these effects.

Plant breeding improvements from whole genome crosses between G. barbadense and G. hirsutum have not been very successful because of incompatibility and other genetic problems. However, use of these CS-B lines allows alleles from single G. barbadense chromosomes to be introgressed into G. hirsutum while avoiding the major problems common to interspecific crosses between these species. These CS-B lines provide a better way to use the favorable alleles from G. barbadense. CS-B lines allow the effects of an individual chromosomes or chromosome arms to be studied. Recombinant substituted (RS) lines, which are recombinant inbred lines for specific chromosomes, can be used to more precisely identify and map gene(s) controlling agronomic traits, fiber traits, and to map molecular markers (Campbell et al., 2003, 2004; Kaeppler, 1997; Shah et al., 1999). RS lines are superior to recombinant inbred lines for identifying genes or QTL of quantitative traits because RS lines increase statistical power and have a more uniform genetic background with only one divergent chromosome or segment. We are developing RS populations in selected CS-B lines to be used for high-resolution dissection and mapping of the QTL governing cotton yield and fiber quality.

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this manuscript does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Joint Contribution of USDA-ARS and Mississippi State University. Journal paper No. J-10780 of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.

Received for publication August 22, 2005.

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TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 

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