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a Dep. of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-3140
b Northern Agricultural Research Center, 3848 Fort Circle, Havre, MT 59501-8409
c Williston Research Extension Center, 14120 Highway 2, Williston, ND 58801
d Central Agricultural Research Center, HC90-Box 20, Moccasin, MT 59462
e Southern Agricultural Research Center, 748 Railroad Highway, Huntley, MT 59037
f Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 974, Conrad, MT 59425
g Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901
h Eastern Agricultural Research Center, 1501 N. Central, Sidney, MT 59270
* Corresponding author (bruckner{at}montana.edu)
‘Paul’ (Reg. no. CV-985, PI 640425) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Montana and North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Stations and jointly released in August 2003. Paul was released based on high yield potential and superior winter survival in rain-fed environments of Montana. Paul is named in honor of the late Dr. Paul L. Brown, a long-term USDA-ARS soil scientist who pioneered research in water management in dryland cereal cropping systems of Montana.
Paul was selected from the cross MT8030/‘Neeley’ made in 1985. Neeley (Sunderman and O'Connell, 1983) was the leading winter wheat cultivar in Montana for 15 consecutive years (1988 to 2002). MT8030 has the pedigree, ‘TAM W-103’/‘Froid’/4/‘Yogo’//‘Turkey Red’/‘Oro’ /3/‘Centurk’. F2, F3, and F4 generations were grown as bulks in Bozeman from 1987 to 1989. Paul was selected and bulked in 1990 as an F4–derived F5 headrow by Dr. Gene Hockett. The line subsequently was selected from nonreplicated observation trials grown at Bozeman, Sidney, and Moccasin, MT, in 1992 and Huntley, MT, in 1993. The primary selection criterion for Paul was high winter survival. Paul was assigned experimental number MT9426 and evaluated in Montana Preliminary (1994) and Advanced (1995–1998) yield trials. Based on high winter survival and high grain yield, MT9426 was further tested in the Montana Intrastate Nursery since 1999, the Montana Off-station Nursery since 2000, and the Northern Regional Performance Nursery (NRPN) in 2003. Quality has been evaluated in multilocation Montana trials since 1994 and in the 2002 PNW Crop Quality Council evaluation.
Seed purification of Paul was initiated in 2000 when 150 F14:15 headrows were evaluated for uniformity at Bozeman. Line rows (89) were grown in Bozeman in 2001 and further evaluated for phenotypic uniformity. Sixty-five line rows with uniform appearance were selected and harvested in bulk by plot combine. Breeder seed (F14:17) was produced in 2002 at the Post farm in Bozeman.
Paul is an awned, white-chaffed, medium to late maturity semidwarf hard red winter wheat. Paul has medium maturity, 164 d to heading from 1 January, similar to Neeley and ‘Tiber’ (PI 517194), 1 d earlier than ‘Morgan’ (PI 599336) and 1 d later than ‘BigSky’ (PI 619166). Plant height of Paul is relatively short (73 cm), 7 cm shorter than Neeley and Morgan, and 11 cm shorter than BigSky and Tiber. Coleoptile length of Paul (76 mm, n = 5 observations) is shorter than Neeley (89 mm), Tiber (91 mm), and BigSky (94 mm) but longer than Morgan (61 mm). Winter survival in 13 trials showing differential survival was 59% for Paul compared to Morgan (67%, LSD0.05 = 6%), BigSky (59%), Tiber (56%), and Neeley (55%). Straw strength of Paul is only moderate and the cultivar will often lodge under high yield conditions.
On the basis of field observations and cooperative evaluations through the USDA Regional Testing Program, Paul is moderately susceptible to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.; resistant only to race RTQQ), and susceptible to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.; natural field infection), and stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Westend.; natural field infection). Paul is susceptible to the Great Plains biotype of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say), Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphisnoxia Mordvilko), and wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.).
Paul has been tested at 96 trial locations of the Montana Intrastate and Off-station Winter wheat nurseries from 1999 to 2004. Grain yields of Paul (3904 kg ha–1) were similar to Neeley (3863 kg ha–1), but higher (P < 0.05) than Morgan and Tiber (3655 kg ha–1) and BigSky (3588 kg ha–1). Grain volume weight of Paul (753 kg m–3) was lower than Neeley and Morgan (764 kg m–3) and Tiber and BigSky (779 kg m–3). Grain protein content (n = 95) of Paul (134 g kg–1) was similar to Neeley (134 g kg–1) and Morgan (135 g kg–1), but lower than Tiber (138 g kg–1) and BigSky (142 g kg–1).
Milling and bread baking characteristics of Paul were determined from composite grain samples harvested at four Montana locations over a 5-yr period (1999–2003, n = 20 location-years). Brabender Automat flour extraction of Paul (650 g kg–1) was similar to that of Neeley (640 g kg–1), BigSky (642 g kg–1), and Tiber (642 g kg–1). Flour ash of Paul (3.8 g kg–1) was similar to that of Neeley (3.6 g kg–1) and higher than that of BigSky (3.4 g kg–1) and Tiber (3.3 g kg–1). Paul (708 g kg–1) had similar bake water absorption to Neeley (716 g kg–1) and Tiber (718 g kg–1) but lower bake water absorption than BigSky (734 g kg–1). Bake mixing time of Paul (8.0 min) was similar to that for Neeley (7.4 min) and BigSky (7.5 min), but longer than that of Tiber (6.5 min). Pup loaf volume of Paul (1061 cm3) was similar to that of Tiber (1041 cm3), Neeley (1042 cm3), and BigSky (1055 cm3).
The Montana Agricultural Experiment Station will maintain Breeder seed of Paul. Paul has been submitted for U.S. Plant Variety Protection with the certification option. Small quantities of seed for research purposes may be obtained from the corresponding author for at least 5 yr from the date of this publication.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Paul was developed with financial support from Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee. The authors thank the USDA-ARS personnel: J. Kolmer, Yue Jin, St. Paul, MN, for stem and leaf rust evaluations; and Elburn Parker, Manhattan, KS, for Hessian fly screening.
NOTES
Accepted for publication October 31, 2005.
REFERENCES
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