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a M. Mergoum, R.C. Frohberg (retired), and T. Olson, Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
b USDA-ARS, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND
c Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
* Corresponding author (mohamed.mergoum{at}ndsu.nodak.edu)
‘Glenn’ (Reg. no. CV-974, PI 639273), is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed at North Dakota State University (NDSU) and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (NDAES) in July 2005. Glenn was released because it combines very high level of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) {caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch]}, with high yield and grain volume, as well as excellent end-use quality for the domestic and export wheat markets.
Glenn, a sister line of the released germplasm ND 744 (Mergoum et al., 2005a), was derived from the cross ND 2831/‘Steele-ND’ (PI 634981) made at NDSU by Dr. R.C. Frohberg in 1997. ND 2831 is a hard red spring experimental line developed by the NDSU breeding program from the cross ‘Sumai 3’(PI 481542)/‘Wheaton’(PI 469271)//‘Grandin’(PI 531005)/3/ND 688. Sumai 3, a spring wheat from China, is arguably the most used source of resistance to FHB in the world (Wilcoxson, 1993; Rudd et al., 2001). ND 688 is an experimental line developed by the NDSU breeding program with good adaptation to ND wheat growing conditions and good end-use quality. Steele-ND is a hard red spring wheat (HRSW) developed by NDSU and released in 2004 as a cultivar with good bread-baking properties and moderate tolerance to FHB (Mergoum et al., 2005b).
The F1 seeds from the cross leading to Glenn were grown in the field at Prosper, ND, in 1997. Ten spikes were harvested, bulked, and planted in the greenhouse as an F2 in the fall of 1997. From the F2 population, 100 spikes were harvested, bulked, and grown as F3 in the greenhouse in the spring of 1998. Subsequently, 100 spikes selected from the F3 were threshed individually and sown as F3:4 hill plots in the FHB nursery at Prosper, ND, in the summer of 1998. The FHB nursery was inoculated with the FHB pathogen using the spray inoculation method (Rudd et al., 2001) and overhead mist irrigation to enhance disease development. Ten spikes from plants showing less than 10% FHB disease severity (Stack et al., 1997) were harvested, bulked, and advanced as F3:5 families in the New Zealand (NZ) off-season nursery during the 1998–1999 crop cycle. Spikes selected in the F2 and F3 generations were based on reaction to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.), and agronomic merits including plant vigor, height, and earliness. In NZ, selection was based mainly on visual uniformity, grain shattering, plant height, and lodging resistance.
Glenn was produced from a bulk of one purified F3:5 plot selected in 1999 at Christchurch, NZ. Glenn was entered into yield trials as an F3:6 line at Casselton and Prosper, ND, in 1999 and subsequently tested in advanced and elite yield trials at four locations in ND in 2000 and 2002. The seed increase of Glenn grown in Prosper, ND, in 2000 was abandoned following a severe hail storm. Therefore, Glenn was increased in 2001 and was not tested in the 2001 elite yield trials. Glenn was tested as ND 747 in the North Dakota Variety Trials (NDVT) and in the HRSW Uniform Regional Nursery (URN) in 2003 and 2004. The URN is a regional trial conducted in the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, Washington, and Manitoba, Canada. Therefore, Glenn was tested for agronomic and quality traits in 31 location–years in the NDVT and in 36 location–years in the URN trials.
Glenn was further purified by selecting 200 heads from the quality drill strips (F3:9) at Prosper, ND. These spikes were threshed individually and seeded as head rows at Prosper in 2002. Nonuniform rows were discarded and the remaining rows were bulked to form Breeder seed.
In 31 site–years of testing in the NDVT, grain yield of Glenn (4381 kg ha–1) was similar to ‘Alsen’ (PI 615543) (4300 kg ha–1), ‘Parshall’ (PI 613587) (4347 kg ha–1), and ‘Reeder’ (PI 613586) (4448 kg ha–1) but lower (P < 0.05) than Steele-ND (4885 kg ha–1). In the same trials grain volume of Glenn was 811 kg m–3, significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 767, 768, and 776 kg m–3 of Alsen, Parshall, and ‘Dapps’ (PI 633862), respectively. Protein content of Glenn (166 g kg–1) was lower than Dapps (171 g kg–1) but similar to Alsen (163 g kg–1), Parshall (164 g kg–1), and higher than Reeder (161 g kg–1). On the basis of 36 locations of the URN conducted in 2003 and 2004, mean grain yield, grain volume weight, and protein content of Glenn were 4340 kg ha–1, 794 kg m–3, and 154 g kg–1, respectively, compared with Steele-ND (4515 kg ha–1, 775 kg m–3, and 152 g kg–1), ‘Pioneer 2375’ (4475 kg ha–1, 777 kg m–3, and 143 g kg–1), and ‘Verde’ (PI 592561) (4461 kg ha–1, 762 kg m–3, and 142 g kg–1).
Flour yield for Glenn from 13 trials grown in ND averaged 684 g kg–1 compared with 692, 693, and 678 g kg–1 for Alsen, Parshall, and Reeder, respectively. Water absorption was 65.9%, significantly higher than Reeder (64.8%), but not different from Alsen (65.1%), and Parshall (65.2%). The mixing tolerance of Glenn (20.9 min) was longer than all of the checks including Reeder (13.9 min), Alsen (16.4 min), and Parshall (17.0 min). Loaf volume was 1103 mL, comparable to Parshall (1090 mL) and Alsen (1076 mL), but superior to Reeder (1015 mL).
Glenn was tested for FHB in seven location–years in the FHB nursery grown at Prosper, ND, under artificial inoculation using overhead irrigation techniques. It was also evaluated in three environments under natural FHB infection and in four experiments under greenhouse conditions using the spray inoculation. On the basis of seven location–years of testing in the FHB nursery conducted under field conditions, the FHB incidence (Stack et al., 1997) recorded for Glenn (19%) was significantly higher than the most resistant line ‘2710’ (9%) developed by NDSU (Frohberg et al., 2004), but significantly lower than the incidence for the moderately resistant checks Alsen (29%) and Steele-ND (31%) and susceptible checks Reeder (59%) and ‘2398’ (42%). Similarly, on the basis of the three location–years of testing for FHB under natural infection conducted under field conditions, the FHB incidence recorded for Glenn was 8% compared with 2, 7, 19, 26, and 42% scored for 2710, Alsen, Steele-ND, Reeder, and Pioneer 2375, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, the FHB incidence of Glenn based on four tests was 16% compared with 9, 11, 25, 42, and 56% for 2710, Alsen, Steele-ND, Reeder, and Pioneer 2375, respectively. Glenn was also evaluated for the levels of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by FHB in three naturally and three artificially infected field tests. Under naturally infected conditions, the DON level of Glenn was 0.4 µg g–1 compared with 0.5, 0.8, 0.9, 1.5, and 2 µg g–1 for 2710, Alsen, Steele-ND, Reeder, and Pioneer 2375, respectively. Under artificial inoculation, the DON level of Glenn (4 µg g–1) was similar to ND 2710 (2.9 µg g–1), Alsen (4.8 µg g–1), and Steele-ND (5.3 µg g–1), but significantly lower that than the DON levels of Pioneer 2375 (7.4 µg g–1), Reeder (10.3 µg g–1), and 2398 (9.9 µg g–1). Alsen was released in 2000 as the first NDSU HRSW cultivar with resistance to FHB from the Chinese ‘Sumai 3’ (PI 481542) and has been widely grown in the northern plains since 2001. Steele-ND, a NDSU HRSW cultivar released in 2004 (Mergoum et al., 2005b), has resistance to FHB comparable to Alsen but has parentage different from the Chinese Sumai 3. Compared with ND 744, Glenn has similar FHB resistance and agronomic performance. However, ND 744 has harder kernels and lower protein content (10 g kg–1 in average) and grain volume than Glenn.
Based on seedling and adult plant screening tests conducted under greenhouse conditions from 2000 to 2004, Glenn exhibited a high level of resistance to pathotype THBL, the predominant race of leaf rust in the region. Glenn was evaluated from 2000 to 2004 at the USDA-ARS, Cereal Crop Research Unit, Fargo, ND, for resistance to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn) and was found to be resistant to pathotypes Pgt-QCCJ, -QTHJ, -RTQQ, -TMLK, -TPMK, and -HPHJ.
On a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 is resistant and 5 susceptible, Glenn had average scores of 4 and 3 in reaction to Septoria nodorum [caused by Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & E.G. Germano] and tan spot [caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs.] compared with 5 and 5 for the susceptible cultivar Alsen and 1 and 1 for the resistant check ‘Erik’ (PI 476849), respectively.
Glenn is an awned, early-maturing semidwarf HRSW. The awns are white and are 8 to 10 cm in length. The glumes of Glenn are medium and white with elevated shoulder and acuminate beak. The shoulder and beak are wide and medium long. The kernels are red, very hard, midlong, and oval; the germ is large; and the brush is medium. The crease is middeep and midwide and the cheek is rounded. Glenn has a lax spike type with plant height (88 cm) similar of to Steele-ND (87 cm), 5 cm shorter than Parshall, and 4 and 5 cm taller than Alsen and Reeder, respectively. The number of days to heading of Glenn (64 d) is similar to Alsen and Parshall but 2 d earlier than Reeder. It is resistant to grain shattering and has better straw strength than Steele-ND and Parshall.
Breeder seed of Glenn will be maintained by the Seed Stocks Project, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo ND 58105–5051. Protection for Glenn is being applied for under the U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act for Foundation, Registered, and Certified seed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Dr S. Ali (Dep. of Plant Pathology, NDSU, Fargo) for tan spot and Septoria evaluations.
NOTES
Research supported in part by the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative. Registration by CSSA.
Accepted for publication June 30, 2005.
REFERENCES
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