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REGISTRATIONS OF GERMPLASMS

Registration of 17 Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) Cotton Germplasm Lines Disomic for Different G. barbadense Chromosome or Arm Substitutions

^a Dep. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2474
^b USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS 39762

^* Corresponding author (stelly{at}tamu.edu)

Seventeen germplasm lines (Reg. no. GP-836 through GP-852, PI 636346 to PI 636362) were each developed by hypoaneuploid-based backcross substitution of a different Gossypium barbadense L. chromosome or chromosome segment into a G. hirsutum L. genetic background by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, the USDA-ARS, and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station and released in 2004. The substitution lines are genetically similar to TM-1, an Upland cotton (G. hirsutum) genetic standard, and to each other, except that each line differs by the replacement of a specific homologous pair of chromosomes or chromosome segments from the donor line 3–79, a G. barbadense genetic standard. TM-1 is an inbred line extracted from the commercial cultivar Deltapine 14 and has been maintained over 40 generations by self-pollination (Kohel et al., 2001). Line 3–79 originated as a doubled-haploid from G. barbadense (Endrizzi et al., 1985). The high fiber quality and genetic uniformity of 3–79 and the availability of hypoaneuploid stocks in TM-1 background influenced the choice of parental lines.

These germplasm lines were released because attempts to incorporate genes from G. barbadense for exceptional fiber length, strength, and fineness into Upland cotton have generally not achieved stable introgression. Poor agronomic qualities of most progeny, distorted segregation, sterility, and limited recombination due to incompatibility between the genomes have been associated with previous attempts to incorporate genes from G. barbadense. By hypoaneuploid-based backcross chromosome substitution, we have replaced individual TM-1 chromosome pairs with their respective 3–79 chromosome pairs and largely reconstituted the other G. hirsutum chromosomes (Table 1). The lines are designated as CS–B lines to reflect their origin through chromosome substitution from a G. barbadense donor. Collectively, this set of substitutions accounts for about half of the 26 chromosomes in the cotton genome, and thus offers breeders facile access to the respective portion of the G. barbadense 3–79 genome. At the BC₅F₁ generation, nonsubstituted chromosomes or arms would be expected under random recovery to contain only about 1.6% alien sequences, and after extraction of a euploid self-progeny, only about 0.8%. When one of these CS-B lines is crossed with G. hirsutum, the entire substituted G. barbadense chromosome or arm is expected to pair and recombine with the same chromosome or arm from G. hirsutum. The strong differential representation between substituted (1.0) and non-substituted chromosomes (0.008) offers a number of additional analytical and genetic advantages.

Development of each G. barbadense chromosome substitution line involved three stages: (i) development of a TM-1–like hypoaneuploid stock that served as the TM-1–like recurrent parent (Table 1), (ii) selective introgression of a G. barbadense chromosome or segment per line to create a monosomic substitution stock, and (iii) recovery of the euploid, disomic substitution line, by inbreeding. Monosomic and monotelodisomic cytogenetic stocks nearly isogenic to TM-1 and each other were created by intraspecific hybridization and backcrossing the respective cytologically identified aneuploids at each generation to TM-1, up through the BC₅ generation or higher, before making an interspecific cross. Development of the hemizygous monosomic substitutions was initiated by crossing each type of TM-1–like hypoaneuploid as the seed parent with the line 3–79 as pollen parent. Whereas euploid G. hirsutum x G. barbadense F₁ and BC_nF₁ hybrids typically form 26 ring bivalents (II) at metaphase I, monosomic and monotelodisomic hybrids form diagnostic metaphase I meiotic configurations that include a univalent (I) or a rod bivalent (Ii), 25 II + I or 25 II + Ii, respectively. For each line, an interspecific F₁ plant deficient for the G. hirsutum chromosome or chromosome arm was selected based on plant morphological features and metaphase I analysis of microsporocytes. The interspecific F₁ hypoaneuploid plants, each hemizygous only for a specific G. barbadense chromosome or segment, were then backcrossed as pollen parents onto the respective types of TM-1–like aneuploid plants. As in the interspecific F₁ generation, the aneuploid BC₁F₁ plants were selected based on phenotype and metaphase I analysis to confirm that each contained the G. barbadense chromosome or telosome of interest. The process was repeated through the BC₅F₁ generation at which point efforts were undertaken to recover a corresponding euploid disomic substitution. Extraction of each homozygous disomic substitution line was initiated by self-pollination of a monosomic BC₅F₁ plant hemizygous for the desired G. barbadense chromosome or telosome. A euploid BC₅S₁ 26II plant was selected on the basis of phenotype and cytological analysis of the metaphase microspores, and selfed to establish the corresponding euploid BC₅S₁ line. Lines were then increased and evaluated as sources of beneficial alleles governing multigenic traits, including fiber properties (Saha et al., 2004a, 2004b).

These CS-B lines are useful as new sources of genetic variation for improvement of Upland cotton through breeding and fundamental genetic research. Evaluation of the CS-B germplasm in replicated trials across years revealed that genetic variation for all measured traits was highly significant among the CS-B lines and corresponding TM-1 x CS-B line F₂ families (Saha et al., 2004a, 2004b). For some traits, the phenotypic range of CS-B lines exceeds the parental range, and some CS-B lines are superior to the recurrent parent TM-1, indicating their prospective value as breeding parents. Bolls of all CS-B lines were intermediate in size to those of the parents, 3–79 (3.6 g boll^–1) and TM-1 (5.9 g boll^–1), except for CS-B06 and CS-B12sh (about 6 g boll^–1). Lint percentages among CS-B lines ranged from lower (29.7) to higher (36.8), and were higher for CS-B05sh, CS-B16, CS-B22Lo, and CS-B22sh than the parents, TM-1 (31.8) and 3–79 (34.2). CS-B25 had reduced micronaire readings (3.7) and increased fiber strength (218 kN m kg^–1) relative to TM-1 (4.7, 196 kN m kg^–1), without marked yield reduction, 2358 vs. 2519 kg ha^–1 (Saha et al., 2004b). Fiber lengths (2.5% span length) of CS-B14sh (30.4 mm), CS-B15sh (30.0 mm), and CS-B25 (30.4 mm) were longer than those of TM-1 (29.4 mm), but were shorter than that of 3–79 (34.0 mm). Seedcotton yield was not significantly different in CS-B06 (2584 kg ha^–1) and CS-B15sh (2622 kg ha^–1) than TM-1 (2519 kg ha^–1), but higher in all CS-B lines (1429 to 2622 kg ha^–1) than 3–79 (540 kg ha^–1). Whereas lint yields of the donor line 3–79 were less than half that of TM-1, and lint yields of most CS-B lines are also significantly lower than that of TM-1, the lint yields of CS-B01, CS-B05sh, and CS-B12sh were not significantly different from TM-1, which could indicate these CS-B lines lack yield-affecting loci from 3–79, or that the collective effects of multiple 3–79 loci are offsetting each other with respect to this trait. Additional trials (unpublished data, 2004) compared CS-B01, CS-B11sh, CS-B12sh, and CS-B26Lo to the parents and other checks. CS-B01 was similar to TM-1 in terms of most fiber yield and property characteristics, but CS-B01 had smaller bolls (4.9 g boll^–1 vs. 6.0 g boll^–1) and nonsignificantly lower micronaire readings (3.95 vs. 4.75). Both CS-B01 and CS-B26Lo had unexpectedly high elongation (10.8%), departing markedly from TM-1 (8.8%) and 3–79 (8.8%), indicating possible transgressive segregation. Bolls of CS-B11sh were not significantly different in size from TM-1, yet had significantly lower lint percent (29.1 versus 34.7) and yielded less seedcotton (66%) and lint (59%). CS-B26Lo had only 80% the boll size of TM-1 and contained only about 40% as much seedcotton and lint. Chromosome-specific QTL analysis of these lines could reveal markers useful for indirect selection against undesirable genes when conducting wide cross introgression into Upland cotton from 3–79 and perhaps other G. barbadense germplasm. Conversely, these marker loci or linked ones might be used to introgress beneficial Upland alleles into elite G. barbadense germplasm. Relative to TM-1, CS-B12sh was similar in terms of most fiber yield and property characteristics but yielded nonsignificantly more seedcotton and lint, with fiber quality slightly better than or similar to TM-1 fiber. Comparisons of trait means of CS-B lines versus their (TM-1 x CS-B line) F₂ families revealed pairwise incongruity in the direction of departures among the CS-B lines for certain traits, which is congruent with the idea that genetic differences among the CS-B lines differentially lead to epistatic effects in the F₂s (Saha et al., 2004a).

Given a rough estimate of at least 30000 genes in the cotton genome, we can estimate each of the monosome-derived CS-B lines carries an average of 1000 or more 3–79 genes, some of which may differ significantly from the respective TM-1 alleles. In a minority of instances, the difference might offer a chance for genetic improvement of domesticated Upland cotton. According to random probability, we expect about five-sixths of the differences between CS-B lines and TM-1 to be due to the substituted chromosome or segment, and the remaining sixth due to remnant 3–79 genes in nonhomologous chromosomes that was inadvertently retained during backcrossing and inbreeding. Thus, it was not unexpected that a few BC₅S₁ families segregated for obvious plant traits petal color or pubescence. Their presence should not detract from the value of this source of G. barbadense germplasm for breeding purposes.

These germplasm lines were developed, evaluated and released by D.M. Stelly and W. Raska of Texas A&M University, S. Saha, J.N. Jenkins, J.C. McCarty, and O.A. Gutierrez of the USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, in a collaborative research program.

A limited amount of BC₅–derived self-pollinated seeds are available for distribution to cotton geneticist, breeders, and other research personnel on written request to Dr. D. Stelly, Dep. Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843–2474 USA or Dr. S. Saha, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. Genetic materials of this release will be deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System where these materials will be available for research purposes, including development and commercialization of new materials. It is requested that appropriate recognition of the source be given when these germplasm lines contribute to research or the development of improved line, cultivar, or hybrid.

NOTES

Cooperative investigation of the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn., USDA-ARS, and the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Station. Registration by CSSA.

Accepted for publication May 31, 2005.

REFERENCES

• Endrizzi, J.E., E.L. Turcotte, and R.J. Kohel. 1985. Genetics, cytology, and evolution of Gossypium. Adv. Genet. 23:271–375.
• Kohel, R.J., J. Yu, Y. Park, and G.R. Lazo. 2001. Molecular mapping and characterization of traits controlling fiber quality in cotton. Euphytica 121:163–172.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
• Saha, S., D.A. Raska, J.N. Jenkins, J.C. McCarty, O. Gutierrez, R.G. Percy, R.G. Cantrell, J. Wu, J. Zhu, and D.M. Stelly. 2004a. Effect of chromosome on important quantitative traits of agronomic and fiber traits using chromosome specific recombinant lines of G. hirsutum. p. 169–174. In A. Swanepoel (ed.) Proc. World Cotton Res. Conf.-3 9–13 March 2003. Cape Town, South Africa. Agricultural Research Council– Institute for Industrial Crops, Rustenberg, SA.
• Saha, S., J. Wu, J.N. Jenkins, J.C. McCarty, Jr., O.A. Gutierrez, D.M. Stelly, R.G. Percy, and D.A. Raska. 2004b. Effect of chromosome substitutions from Gossypium barbadense L. 3–79 into G. hirsutum L. TM-1 on agronomic and fiber traits. J. Cotton Sci. 8:162–169.

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