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Fig. 2. Relationship between total N input and N output as products (milk, meat, and crops) and as losses (volatilization, denitrification, runoff, leaching, and transfer to unproductive areas) in dairy and beef production systems that involve some grazing. Data from on-farm and replicated large plot research in New Zealand, Europe, and the USA (Kaffka and Koepf, 1989; Granstedt, 1995; van der Werff et al., 1995; Klausner et al., 1998; Goh and Williams, 1999; Ledgard et al., 1999; Watson and Atkinson, 1999; Hilhorst et al., 2001; Table 4 in this paper) and modeled output for farms in northern Germany (Table 5 this paper) and De Marke (Table 6 in this paper). One data point for dairy (closed, dotted circle) likely underreported leaching losses.
