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a Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, P.O. Box 870, University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210
b University of Idaho, Dep. Plant, Soils, and Entomol. Sci., Moscow, ID 83844-2339
c University of Idaho, Parma Research and Extension Center, 29603 U of I Lane, Parma, ID 83660
* Corresponding author (esouza{at}uidaho.edu)
‘Jerome’ (Reg. no. CV-964, PI 632712) is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station and released in February 2004. Jerome, named for Jerome, ID, was released for its superior grain yield and baking quality compared with current irrigated hard red spring cultivars in the intermountain zone of the western United States. Jerome is well adapted to both irrigated and rain-fed production systems.
Jerome was derived from the cross, A91197S ‘Sunstar II’ (PI 559378)/‘Westbred 926’, which was made at Aberdeen, ID, in 1991. Sunstar II is a hard red spring wheat released by Sunstar Plant Breeding, Twin Falls, ID, and derived from a field cross of ‘Westbred 906R’ (PI 483455) to an unknown second parent. Westbred 926, developed by Westbred L.L.C., Bozeman, MT, is a hard red spring wheat with a proprietary pedigree. The F1 seed of A91197S was produced in the greenhouse during the winter of 1991–1992 and seed from the hybrid was advanced through F2 to F4 generations using the bulk method (without intentional selection) in the field at Aberdeen. In 1994, approximately 200 heads were harvested from short plants in the F4 bulk population and the grain from the heads visually inspected for kernel characteristics, with seed samples consisting of small or shriveled seed being discarded. In 1995, 67 F4:5 headrows were planted at Aberdeen and selected for short stature and stripe rust resistance (causal organism Puccinia striiformis Westend.; plots inoculated with spores of uncharacterized races collected at Aberdeen). One of those headrows, designated A91197S-9, was selected and evaluated in yield trials in southeastern Idaho from 1996 to 1999. In 2000, A91197S-9 was designated IDO566 and entered into the Tri-State Regional Spring Wheat Nursery. IDO566 was advanced to the Western Regional Spring Wheat Nursery in 2001 where it was evaluated for 3 yr. In 2000, approximately 200 heads of IDO566 were selected at Aberdeen and planted as headrows at Aberdeen in 2001. Rows of IDO566 that were uniform for height, heading date and head type (approximately 150), were harvested, and bulked to form the Breeder seed for the cultivar Jerome. Jerome was evaluated in on-farm testing by the University of Idaho cooperative extension service in 2002 and 2003 and by the Pacific Northwest Wheat Quality Council in 2003. Jerome is uniform for plant type without obvious phenotypic variants and has remained stable during six generations of evaluation, 1996 to 2001.
Jerome is most similar in appearance to the cultivar Westbred 926. Jerome has an unpigmented coleoptile and an erect seedling growth habit. Jerome has a semidwarf plant type, with an average plant stature in Idaho field trials (42 trials) of 82 cm compared with 77 cm for ‘Westbred 936’ (PI 587200) and 85 cm for the tall semidwarf cultivar Jefferson (PI 603040) (Souza et al., 1999). Jerome has dark-green foliage with recurved and twisted flag leaves. The inflorescence of Jerome is awned, middense, tapered, with glumes that are midwide, long, and with elevated shoulders and acuminate beaks. The auricles and anthers of Jerome are unpigmented. Jerome has a waxy bloom on its glumes at flowering and a bright white chaff color at maturity. Seed of Jerome is red, ovate, and with a shallow, wide crease and rounded cheeks, similar to Sunstar II. The brush on Jerome's seed is medium in length and not collared. Jerome has large seed, averaging 41 mg per kernel, greater than Jefferson (36 mg per kernel), but not significantly different from Westbred 926 (42 mg per kernel). Jerome carries the high molecular weight glutenin alleles Glu-A1b (2*), Glu-B1i (17+18), and Glu-D1d (5+10).
Jerome is an early maturing spring wheat, with an average heading date in Idaho of 172 d after January 1 (22 field trials, 1998–2003). By comparison, Jefferson headed 2 d later (P < 0.01) and Westbred 936 headed 1 d later (P < 0.05) than Jerome. Jerome has excellent lodging resistance, similar to Westbred 936. In most trials from 1998 to 2003, Jerome had no lodging. However, in 21 of 48 yield trials within Idaho, where significant lodging did occur, Jerome, Westbred 936, and Jefferson respectively, had 17, 16, and 29% of plants lodged per plot (Jerome and Jefferson different at P < 0.01). In 48 yield trials grown in Idaho from 1998 to 2003, Jerome had an average grain yield of 5740 kg ha–1, significantly greater (P < 0.01) than Jefferson (5460 kg ha–1) and Westbred 936 (5477 kg ha–1). In the same yield trials, Jerome had an average grain volume-weight of 778 kg m–3, greater than Westbred 936 (769 kg m–3, P < 0.01), yet less than Jefferson (784 kg m–3, P < 0.05). In 11 yield trials grown in Idaho from 2000 to 2003, Jerome had an average grain protein concentration of 131 g kg–1, compared with 139 g kg–1 for Jefferson, and 142 g kg–1 for Westbred 936 (standard error of values 7 g kg–1).
Jerome has stripe rust resistance comparable to Jefferson. In four years of field trials (2000–2003) at Pullman and Mount Vernon, WA, stripe rust–caused lesions did not occur on Jerome or Jefferson in 8 site–years of observations where the susceptible check cultivar ‘Lemhi 66’ had more than 50% of its leaf area covered in lesions. The race spectrum of the stripe rust pathogen during this time period was complex (dominant races: Pst 98 and Pst 100; Chen et al., 2002). The reaction of Jerome to Pacific Northwestern U.S. populations of the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say), predominant biotypes GP, E, F, and O] is resistant based on replicated laboratory evaluations of Jerome using Hessian fly populations collected near Lewiston, ID (Ratcliffe et al., 2000; Schotzko and Bosque-Pérez, 2002). In a naturally infested, replicated field trial at Genesee, ID, in 2002, Jerome had no infested plants, similar to the resistant hard red spring cultivar Hank (PI 613585). Both cultivars had less (P < 0.05) infestation than the susceptible genotype Westbred 936 with 54% infested plants (1.4 puparia per tiller) and ‘Lolo’ (PI 614840; Souza et al., 2003) with 97% infested plants (9.3 puparia per tiller). Both Hank and Jerome derive their Hessian fly resistance from Westbred 926 (D. Clark, personal communication, 2004).
The University of Idaho Wheat Quality Laboratory evaluated the end-use quality of Jerome by milling and baking seed samples of each entry from 21 yield trials grown in Idaho from 1998 to 2002. Wheat was milled using a Quadrumat Senior experimental flour mill (AACC 26-21A), a mixograph for dough strength (AACC 54-21), and a pup loaf bread bake (AACC 10-10B) to assess loaf volume (AACC, 1998). Jerome had a milling yield of 678 g kg–1 on the Quadrumat Senior mill, similar to Jefferson (680 g kg–1) and greater than Westbred 936 (657 g kg–1, P < 0.01). Mixograph dough mixing time for Jerome in 20 bake evaluations was moderate (2.5 min), but shorter (P < 0.01) than the long mix-time genotypes Westbred 936 (2.7 min) and Jefferson (3.2 min). In 20 bread bakes using flour grain grown in southern Idaho field trials from 1998 to 2002, Jerome had an average flour protein concentration of 119 g kg–1 and a pup loaf volume of 1109 mL. In contrast, in the same bakes Jefferson had a flour protein concentration of 122 g kg–1 and a volume of 1112 mL and Westbred 936 a flour protein concentration 131 g kg–1 and loaf volume of 1158 mL (protein standard error: 1 g kg–1; loaf volume standard error: 14 mL).
Seed of Jerome will be maintained by the University of Idaho, Foundation Seed Program and may be obtained by contacting the corresponding author. U.S. Plant Variety Protection with Title V protection has been applied for with the recognized classes of Foundation, Registered, and Certified seed.
NOTES
Research funded in part by the Idaho Wheat Commission and the Idaho Agric. Exp. Stn. Hatch Project IDA 1222. Registration by CSSA.
Accepted for publication November 30, 2004.
REFERENCES
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