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a Eastern Agric. Res. Center., Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Sidney, MT 59270
b Williston Res. Ext. Center, North Dakota Agric. Exp. Stn., Williston, ND 58801
c Eastern Agric. Res. Center, Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Sidney, MT 59270
d Northern Agric. Res. Center, Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Havre, MT 59901
e Central Agric. Res. Center, Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Moccasin, MT 59462
f Southern Agric. Res. Center. Montana Agric. Exp. Stn. Huntley, MT 59037
* Corresponding author (jbergman{at}sidney.ars.usda.gov)
‘Montola 2003’ (Reg. no. CV-25, PI 612967) safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was developed at the Eastern Agricultural Research Center, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Sidney, MT, in cooperation with the Williston Research Extension Center, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Williston, ND. Montola 2003 was released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1999.
Montola 2003 was tested as 95B7348 and derived from a single F4 plant selected from a multicross/‘Montola 2000’. The multicross involved ‘S-317’, ‘Sidney Selection 87-14-6’, ‘Sidney Selection 87-42-3’, ‘Sidney Selection 88-45-4’, ‘USB’, ‘N4051’, ‘Gila’, ‘Cargill 1653’, ‘Cargill Dwarf’, ‘Royal’, ‘AC-1’, ‘Dart’, ‘VFR-1’, ‘012-251-3-2’, ‘012-251-3-5’, ‘S-304’, and ‘S-541’. A total of 22 crosses with recurrent selections were made in the breeding of Montola 2003. The cultivars involved in the breeding of the multicross and Montola 2000 (PI 538025) are briefly described below.
Montola 2000 is a normal hull, high oleic oil–type cultivar developed and released by Montana State University in 1991 to produce safflower oil with over 800 g kg–1 oleic acid content when grown in Montana and the Dakotas (Bergman et al., 2000). S-317 is a high seed oil–content oleic oil–type cultivar with a striped hull developed by Seedtec International, Woodland, CA. S-317 has the genotype ol ol that produces seed with a high oleic acid content. Sidney Selection 87-14-6, Sidney Selection 87-42-3, and Sidney Selection 88-45-4 are 1965 selections made at Sidney, MT, for resistance to Alternaria leaf spot (caused by Alternaria carthami Chow.). These selections were made from the 1964 bulk composite of 555 safflower introductions from the 1960 world safflower collection. The 1964 bulk composite was grown at a lower Yellowstone River Valley site near Sidney, MT, that had been continuously cropped to safflower since 1961. All selections have normal hull and linoleic oil type. USB is a normal hull, linoleic oil–type cultivar with resistance to Phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker). It is late in maturity and the seed has a low oil content (Thomas and Zimmer, 1971). N4051 is a normal hull, linoleic oil–type selection for vigorous growth habit and resistance to Verticilium wilt (caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) and Fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. carthami Klisiewicz & Houston). Gila is a normal hull, linoleic oil–type variety developed and released in 1958 by the University of Arizona for irrigated production with resistance to Phytophthora root rot. Cargill 1653 is a white normal hull, linoleic oil–type selection made in California by Cargill, Inc. Cargill Dwarf is a normal hull, linoleic oil–type selection for very short plant height made in California by Cargill, Inc. Royal is a purple-striped hull, linoleic oil–type variety developed and released in 1970 by the University of Arizona for high self-fertility, high oil content, resistance to Phytophthora root rot, and moderate resistance to Verticillium wilt. AC-1 is a cultivar high in oil seed linoleic oil content with a purple-striped hull; it was developed at the University of Arizona. Dart (PI 572435) is a gray-striped hull, linoleic oil–type variety developed and released in 1967 by the University of Arizona as a high oil line with seedling and early growth stage cold tolerance and tolerance to Phytophthora root rot (Abel and Lorance, 1975). VFR-1 is a normal hull, linoleic oil–type selection out of N4051 with resistance to Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Rhizoctonia blight [caused by Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk]. 012-251-3-2 and 012-251-3-5 are striped-hull, linoleic oil–type selections made by the USDA-ARS for resistance to Fusarium, Phytophthora, and some strains of Verticillium wilt made by backcrossing striped hull into VFR-1. S-304 was developed by Seedtec International and is a normal white hull seed variety. S-304 has the genotype ol ol that produces an oil with approximately equal amounts of linoleic and oleic acid, but the relative amounts of each fatty acid are greatly influenced by growing temperature. S-541 was developed by Seedtec International, Woodland, CA, and is a striped hull, linoleic acid variety.
Individual plant selections were made during the F2, F3, and F4 generations. Seed oil fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography of individual seeds beginning in the F2 generation. Plants producing oil with less than 70 g kg–1 in total saturated fatty acids and greater than 800 g kg–1 in oleic acid content were selected.
Montola 2003 was developed and released for production in Montana and other Northern Great Plains states to provide a safflower oil high in oleic fatty acid and low in saturated fatty acids, similar to Montola 2000, but with improved yielding ability, higher test weight, taller plants, and improved disease resistance to Pseudomonas bacterial blight (caused by Pseudomonas syringae van Hall).
The fatty acid composition of safflower oil from Montola 2003 at Sidney, MT, averaged 808 g kg–1 oleic acid, 128 g kg–1 linoleic, 39 g kg–1 palmitic, and 15 g kg–1 stearic acid compared with 805 g kg–1, 121 g kg–1, 41 g kg–1, and 16 g kg–1, respectively, for Montola 2000. Total saturated fatty acid content for both cultivars ranged from 66 to 70 g kg–1. Montola 2003 oil has a neutral taste. Montola 2003 is recommended for dryland and irrigated production in Montana and western North Dakota and provides a high quality, high oleic, low saturated fatty acid safflower oil for the specialty oil market.
Montola 2003 plants have spines on the leaf tips and along leaf margins and involucral bracts. The flower color of Montola 2003 is yellow in the bud and full bloom. Upon drying, the flower color is light orange to orange. Seed of Montola 2003 has a predominantly bright white (normal) hull preferred by the birdseed market, is similar in seed size to Montola 2000 and averages 3.06 g per 100 seeds. Montola 2003 is classified as medium maturity (120 d) and flowers 1 to 2 d later than Montola 2000. Under dryland conditions at Sidney, MT, Montola 2003 is 4 cm taller than Montola 2000; and under irrigated conditions, it is approximately 8 cm taller.
On the basis of field disease ratings, Montola 2003 appears moderately resistant to Alternaria leaf spot and moderately resistant to Pseudomonas bacterial blight. Disease ratings indicate improved resistance for these diseases compared to Montola 2000.
In dryland trials at Sidney, MT, during the 1996 to 1999 period, Montola 2003 averaged 1922 kg ha–1 with a test weight of 32.1 kg hL–1, seed oil content of 380 g kg–1, and plant height of 60.5 cm, compared with 1837 kg ha–1; 29.9 kg hL–1; 374 g kg–1; and 55.0 cm, respectively, for Montola 2000. In irrigated trials at Sidney, MT, during the 1996 to 1999 period, Montola 2003 averaged 2616 kg ha–1 with a test weight of 29.3 kg hL–1, a seed oil content of 367 g kg-1, and plant height of 71.0 cm compared with 2122 kg ha–1, 27.3 kg hL–1, and 370 g kg–1, and 62.5 cm, respectively, for Montola 2000.
Breeder and Foundation seed will be maintained by the Foundation Seed Stocks Committee, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. Limited seed of Montola 2003 for research purposes is available on request from the corresponding author for at least five years. U.S. Plant Variety Protection for Montola 2003 under the U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act has been granted (PVP certificate no. 200000160). The cultivar shall only be sold as a class of Certified seed.
NOTES
Accepted for publication August 31, 2004.
REFERENCES
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