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a Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061
b Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA 22572
c USDA-ARS Plant Science Unit, Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695
* Corresponding author (cgriffey{at}vt.edu)
‘Price’ (Reg. no. CV- 315, PI 632708) is a short-awned, six-rowed, hulled winter feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) that was developed and released May 2002 by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. The name Price was selected in recognition of Allen Manges Price, who devoted more than 40 years of his life to plant breeding, genetics, and the advancement of agriculture and the betterment of mankind. Under Allen Price's direction, the Virginia Tech Barley Breeding Program undertook a revolutionary change toward securing a future for barley as a viable crop in the mid-Atlantic region. Price barley was released to provide producers with a cultivar having high grain yield and test weight and improved straw strength and lodging tolerance.
Price was derived from the cross ‘Callao’ (PI 592800)/SC830366 (Price et al., 1996). The experimental line SC830366, derived from the cross ‘McNair 601’ (CIho 13644)/‘Harrison’//‘Gembloux’/3/‘Henry’ (Caldwell et al., 1966; Starling et al., 1980), was developed at Clemson University and selected as a parent from the 1988 to 1989 USDA-ARS Uniform Winter Barley Yield Nursery. The cross from which Price originated was made in spring 1990, and the F1 generation was grown in the field as a single 1.2-m headrow in 1991 to produce F2 seed. The population was advanced from the F2 to F4 generation using a modified bulk breeding method. Barley spikes were selected from the population in each segregating generation (F2–F4) on the basis of disease resistance, early maturity, short straw, and desirable head type and size. Selected spikes were threshed in bulk, and the seed was planted in a 20.8-m2 block in the fall of each year. Spikes selected from the F4 bulk were threshed individually and sown in separate 1.2-m headrows. Price was derived from a single F4:5 headrow selected and harvested in bulk in 1995. The line was tested as entry 321 in nonreplicated observation yield tests in 1996 and was designated VA96-44-321. In addition to high grain yield and test weight, Price was selected on the basis of earliness of head emergence, short plant height, and good straw strength.
Price is a midseason, short-stature, hulled winter feed barley. Juvenile plants exhibit semi-prostrate growth habit in early spring, flag leaves are glossy and upright at booting, leaf sheaths are waxy, and anthocyanin is not visually apparent in leaves or stems. Stems are comprised of five nodes, exertion is moderate, the collar is closed to V-shape, and the neck is straight. Spikes are erect, dense to lax, and slightly waxy with pronounced overlapping lateral kernels. The rachis is covered with hairs. Glumes are short, completely covered with long hairs, and their awns are rough and equal to the glumes in length. Lemmas are hairy, have a depressed base, and their awns are short and rough. Rachilla hairs are long. Seed are hulled, short to midlong, semiwrinkled, with colorless aleurone, and lacking hairs on the ventral furrow.
On average (18 station years), head emergence of Price in Virginia is 1 to 2 d later than ‘Nomini’, 2 to 3 d later than Callao, and 2 d earlier than ‘Wysor’ (Starling et al., 1987, 1994). Average (15 station years) plant height of Price (86 cm) is 4 cm taller than Callao, 11 cm shorter than Wysor, and 14 cm shorter than Nomini. On the basis of Belgian lodging score (0.2 = no lodging, 10 = completely lodged), average (21 station years) straw strength of Price (1.0) is excellent in comparison with Nomini (1.8), Wysor (2.0), and Callao (5.0). Price has expressed good winter-hardiness (92% survival) in comparison with Wysor (95%), a very winter-hardy cultivar. In the 1998 to 1999 and 1999 to 2000 USDA-ARS Uniform Barley Winter Hardiness Nurseries, Price had a three-year mean (19 station years) survival score of 72%, compared with 63% for ‘Tennessee Winter’ (PI 11193), 82% for ‘Kentucky 1’ (CIho 6050), and 45% for the winter-tender check ‘Trebi’ (Wiebe, 1965).
On the basis of disease assessments (0 = immune to 4 = highly susceptible) of seedlings conducted in greenhouse tests from 1997 to 2000, Price is highly resistant (infection type = 0; N) to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei G. Otth) race 8, but is moderately susceptible (IT = 2+) to race 30. Seedlings of Price are moderately susceptible (IT = 34) to powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. hordei Ém. Marchal]. In field tests (1997–2001), adult plants of Price expressed resistance (0 = resistant to 9 = susceptible) to powdery mildew (0.4) and Barley yellow dwarf virus (1.5). Price expressed moderate resistance to moderate susceptibility to leaf rust (4.2), scald (4.0) [caused by Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.) J.J. Davis], and net blotch (4.6) (caused by Pyrenophora teres Drechs).
In Virginia's State Variety Trials (1997–2001), average grain yields of Price (6149 kg ha–1) over 23 environments have been similar to those of Nomini and Callao. In the Uniform Winter Barley Yield Nurseries (1997–2000), average grain yields of Price (5483 kg ha–1) were similar to those of Nomini, and 188 kg ha–1 higher than those of Callao. Over all locations (11–12 per year), Price ranked 2nd among 20 entries in 1998, 1st among 18 entries in 1999, and 9th among 25 entries in 2000. Average test weight of Price (647 kg m–3) in Virginia's State Tests has been only slightly lower (9 kg m–3) than that of Callao, and has been significantly (P 
0.05) higher than those of Wysor (624 kg m–3) and Nomini (611 kg m–3). In the 1998 to 1999 and 1999 to 2000 USDA-ARS Uniform Winter Barley Yield Nurseries, average test weight of Price (610 kg m–3) was 6 kg m–3 lower than that of Callao, but nearly 39 kg m–3 higher than those of Wysor and Nomini.
An initial source of Price Breeder seed was developed in 2001 via thorough removal of visual variants from a 0.08-ha F10 purification block. In fall of 2002, a purer source of Price Breeder seed, derived as a bulked composite of 365 F11 headrows selected among 400 rows evaluated, was provided to the Foundation Seed Farm of Virginia Crop Improvement Association. Breeder seed of Price will be maintained by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station under the auspices of the Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. Authorized seed classes are Breeder, Foundation, Registered, and Certified. Price is protected under the amended U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act of 1994 (Certificate no. 200300132). Request for availability of Foundation seed should be directed to Bruce Beahm (804-472-3500), Manager, Foundation Seed Farm, Mount Holly, VA 22524.
NOTES
Accepted for publication September 30, 2004.
REFERENCES
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  W.S. Brooks, M.E. Vaughn, C.A. Griffey, A.M. Price, T.H. Pridgen, W.L. Rohrer, D.E. Brann, E.G. Rucker, H.D. Behl, W.L. Sisson, et al. Registration of 'Thoroughbred' Barley Crop Sci., February 23, 2005; 45(2): 789 - 790. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W.S. Brooks, M.E. Vaughn, C.A. Griffey, A.M. Price, T.H. Pridgen, W.L. Rohrer, D.E. Brann, E.G. Rucker, H.D. Behl, W.L. Sisson, et al. Registration of 'Doyce' Hulless Barley Crop Sci., February 23, 2005; 45(2): 792 - 793. [Full Text] [PDF]
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