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ákb
a Genetic Resources Conservation Program, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616
b Dep. of Agronomy and Range Science, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616
c Dep. of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A & M University, Normal, AL 35762
d USDA-ARS, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
* Corresponding author (coqualset{at}ucdavis.edu)
UC66049 (Reg. no. GS-154, PI 633834) (Triticum aestivum L.), is a genetic stock carrying a dominant gene Ba, causing blue color in the endosperm of the caryopsis. Ba was transferred to wheat as a whole chromosome arm translocation, replacing the long arm of chromosome 4B by a chromosome arm from Lophopyrum ponticum (Podp.). The endosperm color is a useful marker for hybrid wheat, gene flow, gene expression, and other research (Soliman et al., 1980; Jan et al., 1981) or even for specialty food products.
Blue aleurone (Ba) is found in the endosperm of several species related to wheat, including Lophopyrum (syn: Elytrigia, Agropyron). C.A. Suneson's perennial wheat development program at Davis, CA (Suneson et al., 1963a), included some blue aleurone materials which appeared in Wheat Composite Cross I (CC I), developed at Davis by Suneson and collaborators from other locations in the USA (Suneson et al., 1963b). El Sharkawy (1965) selected blue aleurone plants from wheat CCI that were Triticum aestivum L. types with 2n = 44 chromosomes. The blue aleurone character was contributed by Lophopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Á. Löve 2n = 10x = 70 [syn. Elytrigia pontica (Podp.) Holub, Agropyron elongatum (Host) P.B.].
One of these blue aleurone lines (SH 152-2) was crossed to T. aestivum L. ‘Sonora 64’ (CItr 13930). C.O. Qualset and H.E. Vogt selected single spikes from F2 plants and scored them for intraspike segregation of seeds with blue aleurone. Due to xenia, hetero- or hemizygous plants showed blue and red seed segregation. Blue seeds from about 125 segregating plants were planted in F3 progeny rows and the plants segregating for blue aleurone color were selected and blue seeds were planted. This selection process was repeated through F11 when homozygous blue and nonblue congenic lines were extracted from each F2-derived F11 line. The expectation was that repeated opportunities for recombination would increase the probability of incorporating the blue aleurone gene into a chromosome of common wheat, either as a whole chromosome pair substitution or as a translocation of a segment of the Lophopyrum chromosome to a wheat chromosome. At F11 about 75 of the original 150 lines remained.
K.M. Soliman (1975) examined 20 of the congenic blue lines for mitotic chromosome number. Nineteen of them had 2n = 44 chromosomes, and one had 2n = 42 chromosomes. The 2n = 42 line was designated UC66049 and it was subsequently shown by C.C. Jan and J. Dvoák to have a whole arm translocation (Jan et al., 1981). The long arm of chromosome 4B was replaced by an arm of the Lophopyrum chromosome that carried a gene for blue aleurone. The translocation event most likely originated from simultaneous misdivision of univalents and subsequent joining of the wheat chromosome 4B short arm with the homoeologous Lophopyrum chromosome arm. The chromosome 4B designation is consistent with the correction in labeling 4A and 4B recommended by Dvoák (1983). It was also concluded by Jan et al. (1981) that the Lophopyrum chromosome involved was homoeologous to chromosome 4el1 of Lophopyrum ponticum, isolated by R. Larson at Lethbridge, AB, Canada, also known to carry a blue aleurone gene.
Soliman and Qualset (1984) conducted field trials with the blue and nonblue congenic pairs of lines. UC66049 (blue) was comparable in grain yield to its nonblue counterpart, 4890 and 4680 kg ha–1, respectively in 1975, but grain yield was lower than extant wheat varieties used in California, for example grain yield of ‘Anza’ (CItr 15284) was 6520 kg ha–1 compared to 4890 kg ha–1 (P < 0.05) for UC66049. In a less favorable environment, the yields of UC66049, Sonora 64, and Anza were 2130, 5600, and 3600 kg ha–1 (P < 0.01 for UC66049 vs. the standard varieties), respectively. In contrast, the blue 2n = 44 lines were generally lower yielding than the nonblue 2n = 42 lines, for example, 2960 and 3920 kg ha–1 (P < 0.01), respectively. Seed fertility of UC66049 was good, but slightly lower than standard varieties: 2.2 seeds/spikelet vs. 2.4 for Anza and Sonora 64 (P > 0.05). Grain protein concentration of the 2n = 44 blue lines was higher than nonblue lines (1.1%, P < 0.01, over 6 experiments). The elevated protein effect was not found in the blue aleurone translocation line (2n = 42) (Soliman et al., 1980; Soliman and Qualset 1984) and the higher protein in 2n = 44 lines was attributed to reduced grain yield due to aneuploidy.
After its release in 1983 (Qualset et al., 1983), UC66049 was distributed to researchers on request. Seeds may be obtained from the National Small Grains Collection, USDA-ARS, 1691S 2700W, Aberdeen ID 83210.
Accepted for publication June 30, 2004.
REFERENCES
ák, J. 1983. The origin of wheat chromosomes 4A and 4B and their genome reallocation. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 25:210–214.[Web of Science]ák, C.O. Qualset, and K.M. Soliman. 1981. Selection and identification of a spontaneous alien chromosome translocation in wheat. Genetics 98:389–398.ák, and H.E. Vogt. 1983. Release of wheat germplasm: A blue aleurone translocation stock–UC66049. Agronomy Progress Report No 139. Univ. of Calif., Davis, CA.
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