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a Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences Dep., Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061
b Eastern Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Warsaw, VA 22572
c Ridgetown College, Univ. of Guelph, Ridgetown, Ontario, Canada N0P 2C0
d USDA-ARS National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, Aberdeen, ID 83210
e USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Lab, Wooster, OH 44691
f USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab, St. Paul, MN 55108
g USDA-ARS, Dep. of Entomology, Purdue Univ., W. Lafayette, IN 47907
h USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695
* Corresponding author (cgriffey{at}vt.edu)
‘Tribute’ (Reg. no. CV-958, PI 632689) is a soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed and released May 2002 by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. Tribute is broadly adapted and has performed well over most of the soft red winter wheat production regions in the U.S.A. and Canada. Tribute was granted a three year interim registration (Reg. no. I-303) in Canada for Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic Provinces of Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia in October 2003. In addition to high grain yield and volume weight, Tribute provides the wheat industry with a strong gluten cracker-quality cultivar that has resistance to most disease and insect pests prevalent in the region.
Tribute was derived from the cross VA92-51-39/AL870365. The parentage of VA92-51-39 is IN71761A4-31-5-48//VA71-54-147 (CItr 17449)/‘McNair 1813’ (CItr 15289). Wheat line IN71761A4-31-5-48 was developed by Purdue University and has the pedigree ‘Benhur’ (CItr 14054)/3/‘Arthur’ (CItr 14425)/‘Knox’ (CItr12798) type line/4/‘Beau’ (CItr17420)*2/3/Arthur*2//‘Riley’ (CItr13702)/‘Bulgaria 88’ (PI 94407). The Knox type line has gene H5 for Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] resistance. The parental line AL870365 was derived from the cross ‘Coker 747’ (CItr17923)*2/‘Amigo’ (PI 578213) by the Coker Breeding Program now a part of Syngenta and was selected as a parent from the 1990–1991 USDA-ARS Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nursery. Tribute possesses the 1AL.1RS translocation derived from AL870365, which inherited it from Amigo (Sebesta et al., 1995). The cross from which Tribute originated was made in spring 1992, and the F1 generation was grown in the field at Warsaw, VA, as a single 1.2-m headrow in 1993 to produce F2 seed. The population was advanced from the F2 to F4 generation using a modified bulk breeding method. Wheat spikes were selected from the population in each segregating generation (F2–F3) on the basis of disease resistance, early maturity, short straw, and desirable head shape and size. Selected spikes were threshed in bulk, and the seed was planted in a 20.8-m2 block in the fall of each year. Spikes selected from the F4 bulk were threshed individually and planted in separate 1.2-m headrows at Warsaw, VA. Tribute was derived as a bulk of one of these F5:6 headrows selected in 1997 on the basis of earliness of head emergence, short plant height, and resistance to powdery mildew [caused by Erisyphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Ém. Marchal; syn. Blumeria graminis (DC) E.O. Speer] and leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.). Prior to its release, Tribute was evaluated as VA98W-593 in Virginia's official variety trials and throughout the soft red winter wheat region in the USDA-ARS Uniform Southern and Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nurseries from 2000 to 2002.
Coleoptiles of Tribute are white. Juvenile plants exhibit a prostrate growth habit. Plant color at boot stage is green and a waxy bloom is present on the stem and flag leaf sheath. Anther color is yellow and straw color is yellow at physiological maturity. Spikes are tapering, middense, and awnleted. Glumes are short and midwide, and have rounded shoulders with obtuse beaks. Kernels are red, soft, and ovate with a narrow and deep crease, rounded cheeks, and a medium non-collared brush. The phenol reaction is brown.
Head emergence of Tribute is 2 days later than ‘AGS 2000’ and 2 days earlier than ‘Roane’. Average plant height of Tribute (84 cm) is 3 cm taller than ‘Coker 9835’ and 5 cm shorter than AGS 2000. Average straw strength (score = 1.5) of Tribute is good on the basis of Belgian lodging (Szoke et al., 1979) scale (0.2–10). On the basis of data (9 yr-locations) from 2001 and 2002 Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nurseries, average winter survival of Tribute (73%) is similar to that of ‘AgriPro Foster’ (72%) and Roane (72%).
In Virginia's State Variety Trials conducted under a conventional tillage regime from 2000 through 2003 (15–18 yr-locations), average grain yield of Tribute (5780 kg ha–1) was similar (P 
0.05) to those of the highest yielding commercial cultivars McCormick, SS 520, SS 550, Sisson, and USG 3209. In Virginia's No-till Variety Trial, conducted at Warsaw, VA, to evaluate performance of wheat genotypes drilled into shredded maize stubble, Tribute had a 3-yr average grain yield (6360 kg ha–1) similar (P 0.05) to those of the top yielding cultivars McCormick, Pioneer Brand 26R24, Sisson, SS 520, SS 550, and SS 560. Tribute has high grain volume weight (772 kg m–3), which is similar to that of McCormick (768 kg m–3) and significantly (P 
0.05) higher than those of Pioneer Brand 26R24, Sisson, SS 520, SS 550, SS 560, and USG 3209 (737–746 kg m–3).
Tribute was evaluated for three years (20–22 locations per yr) in the Uniform Southern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nursery. Tribute (5240 kg ha–1) ranked second among 33 entries for grain yield in the 2000 nursery compared to the highest yielding check cultivar AGS 2000 (5530 kg ha–1) which ranked first. In 2001, Tribute (4890 kg ha–1) ranked sixth among 43 entries for grain yield compared to AGS 2000 (4905 kg ha–1) which ranked fourth. In 2002, Tribute (4200 kg ha–1) ranked first among 40 entries for grain yield compared to AGS 2000 (4085 kg ha–1) which ranked fourth. Tribute had the highest grain volume weight (762–786 kg m–3) among entries in all three years. During the same period, Tribute was evaluated (19–24 locations per year) in the Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nursery. Tribute (5625 kg ha–1) ranked third among 40 entries for grain yield in the 2000 nursery compared to the highest yielding check cultivar Roane (5740 kg ha–1) which ranked first. In 2001, Tribute (5460 kg ha–1) ranked tenth among 44 entries for grain yield compared to Roane (5570 kg ha–1) which ranked third. In 2002, Tribute (5220 kg ha–1) ranked fourth among 44 entries for grain yield compared to Roane (4930 kg ha–1) which ranked 16th. Tribute had the highest grain volume weight (771–784 kg m–3) among entries in all three years.
Tribute was evaluated for reaction (0 = no visible symptoms to 9 = severe infection) to most disease and insect pests prevalent in the soft red winter wheat production regions in the 2001 and 2002 Uniform Southern and Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nurseries. Tribute is resistant (score = 0.4, n = 28 environments) to powdery mildew. Tribute possesses the Pm17 gene from Amigo in addition to other non-identified genes on the basis of seedling tests conducted by USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit in Raleigh, NC, in which Tribute expressed resistance to 9 of 10 isolates of Erisyphe graminis f. sp. tritici. Reaction of Tribute to leaf rust has varied from resistant (score = 0) to moderately susceptible (score = 6) with an average score of 1.2 over 58 environments. Tribute is resistant to moderately resistant (score = 0–2) to stem rust (cause by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.). Assessments of seedling reaction of Tribute to differential races of Puccinia triticina and Puccinia graminis, conducted by the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory in St. Paul, MN indicate that Tribute possesses genes Lr9 and Lr24 conferring resistance to leaf rust and gene Sr24 conferring resistance to stem rust. Tribute has expressed moderate resistance (score = 2.8, n = 13) to predominant races of stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.), prevalent in the Mississippi Delta and Great Plains regions, but is susceptible (score = 8) to stripe rust in the Pacific Northwest. Tribute is moderately resistant (score = 2.5, n = 6) to Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, but susceptible (score = 6.3, n = 6) to Wheat soil borne mosaic virus. It is moderately resistant (score = 4.3, n = 21) to Barley yellow dwarf virus. Tribute is moderately resistant (score = 2.6, n = 29) to leaf blotch (caused by Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz.) and glume blotch [caused by Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & E.G. Germano] (score = 3.3, n = 6). It is moderately resistant (score = 4.5, n = 2) to tan spot [caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs]. Tribute is moderately resistant to fusarium head blight (FHB) [caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe)] on the basis of disease assessments made in the 2001 Uniform Southern and Uniform Northern Soft Red Winter Wheat FHB Screening Nurseries at 13 locations. In the Uniform Southern FHB Nursery, FHB Index (1–100), Scabby Seed (%), and Deoxynivalenol (DON, micrograms per gram) values for Tribute (15, 21%, and 4.3 µg g–1) were similar to those of the resistant check cultivar Ernie (7, 18%, 6.6 µg g–1). In the Northern Uniform Scab Nursery, Tribute (22, 7.2%, and 5.3 µg g–1) and Ernie (19, 17%, 7.9 µg g–1) also had similar values for these three FHB assessment parameters. Seedlings of Tribute are susceptible to Hessian fly biotypes GP, B, C, D, E, and L on the basis of tests conducted in a growth chamber by USDA-ARS at West Lafayette, IN.
Quadrumat milling and pastry baking quality of Tribute is most similar to that of ‘Coker 9663’ on the basis of analyses conducted by the USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory in Wooster, OH using grain samples from Virginia's 2000 and 2001 State Variety Trials. On the basis of softness equivalent score, Tribute (48.8%) and Coker 9663 (48.7%) both produced flours that were slightly harder in texture than that of Sisson (50%). Flour yields of Tribute (708 g kg–1) were similar to those of Coker 9663 (711 g kg–1) but slightly lower than those of Sisson (717 g kg–1). While flour Alkaline Water Retention Capacity of Tribute (62.5%) was higher than that of Coker 9663 (58%) and Sisson (59.2%), all three cultivars produced cookies of similar diameter (17.5–17.6 cm). Average flour protein concentration of Tribute (8.3%) was lower than those of Coker 9663 (8.8%) and (8.5%). Protein gluten strength of Tribute (126%) and Coker 9663 (124%); however, are significantly higher than that of Sisson (94%) on the basis of Lactic Acid Retention Capacity. Tribute possesses the 5 + 10 glutenin protein subunit on the basis of milling and baking quality tests coordinated by the Wheat Quality Council in 2000.
Initial Breeder seed of Tribute was developed in 2000 via removal of visual variants from a 0.05-ha F8 purification block and provided to the Foundation Seed Farm of Virginia Crop Improvement Association (VCIA). In fall 2000, grain from 103 F9 headrows, selected on the basis of homogeneity and trueness of type and harvested individually, was planted in 10.6-m2 plots. Grain from 77 of these plots was harvested in bulk to form a purer source of Tribute Breeder seed and was provided to the VCIA Foundation Seed Farm during fall 2001. Authorized seed classes of Tribute in the U.S.A. are Breeder, Foundation, Registered, and Certified. Tribute is protected under the amended U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act of 1994 (Certificate no. 200300113). The Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences and the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, VA, will maintain Breeder seed. Requests for availability of seed in the U.S.A. should be directed to Greg St. Clair, Royster-Clark, 70 North Market St., Mt. Sterling, OH 43143. Authorized seed classes of Tribute in Canada are Breeder, Select, Foundation, Registered, and Certified. The Ridgetown College–University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, will maintain Breeder seed in Canada. Requests concerning availability of Tribute seed in Canada should be directed to C & M Seeds, 6180 5th Line Minto, Palmerston, ON, N0G 2P0, Canada.
NOTES
Accepted for publication July 31, 2004.
REFERENCES
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