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a Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061 Petersburg, VA 23806
b Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705
c USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN 38301
d USDA-ARS, Purdue State University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lilly Hall, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054
* Corresponding author (tmebraht{at}vsu.edu)
‘Asmara’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. CV-470, PI 633049), a maturity group (MG) VI cultivar, was developed jointly by the Virginia State University, Agricultural Research Station and the USDA-ARS and was released on 13 March 2003 as a vegetable soybean with resistance to seed shattering. This cultivar is named for the capital city of Eritrea, a newly independent country in east Africa. Asmara can be harvested at either the green pod or mature seed stages. Developing seeds harvested at the green pod stage are for direct human consumption while seeds harvested at maturity are useful for soyfood products such as tofu, soymilk, or roasted nuts (Mebrahtu et al., 1991; Carter and Shanmugasundaram, 1993; Konovsky et al., 1994; Rao et al., 2002a). Asmara was developed by conventional means compatible with the USDA guidelines for organic production (USDA-ARS, 2000; USDA-AMS, 2000).
Asmara is derived from the cross of the PI 417288 x BV-4. BV-4 is a selection from the hybridization of T135 x PI 83945-4. BV-4 was developed by USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, and has good pod set and resistance to lodging and shattering. The PI 417288 is a larger-seeded soybean MG V from Japan and is reported to have moderate resistance to Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant) defoliation (Kraemer et al., 1994). PI 83945-4 is large-seeded fasciated MG IV line from South Korea (USDA-ARS, 1995). T135 is a chlorophyll mutant line found in Illinois and maintained by the USDA at Urbana, IL (Palmer and Kilen, 1987). PI 417288 and PI 83945-4 used in the development of Asmara have not appeared in the pedigree of North American soybean cultivars previously. Thus, Asmara is a unique cultivar that may be used to increase the genetic diversity of North American soybean breeding programs.
The F2 through F5 progenies from PI 417288 x BV-4 were advanced through single seed descent (Brim, 1966). At seed maturity, F5 single plants were selected and threshed individually. Progenies of individual plants were grown in single rows at the Randolph Research Farm of Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA.
Asmara was evaluated under the experimental designation VS96-239. When planted in mid-May and harvested in mid-September (2001 and 2002) at the Randolph Research Farm, Virginia State University, the two-year average yield of green pods at R6-R7 (Fehr et al., 1971) was 22082 kg ha–1 compared with a MG VII large-seeded PI from Japan ‘Tambagura’ (PI 187154) used as a standard (USDA-ARS, 1990; Rao et al., 2002b), with 16598 kg ha–1 when harvested in early October. Asmara and Tambagura reached the green pod (R6-R7) at different times and were harvested at different times. The decision to harvest was made when the pods were green and plump and the seeds were green and nearly full size. Each genotype was harvested at about 35–40 d after 50% of the plants of each genotype flowered. Green bean composition of Asmara on a dry weight basis averaged 39.6 g kg–1 sucrose, 430 g kg–1 protein, and 92 g kg–1 oil, with 43.3% of the oil as oleic acid, as compared to Tambagura with 62.5 g kg–1 sucrose, 318 g kg–1 protein, and 109 g kg–1 oil, with 29.5% oleic acid. Oleic acid confers health benefits in reducing serum cholesterol levels (Wilson, 1991).
Asmara yielded 2467 kg ha–1 when mature seed was harvested on 10 October, compared to 2369 kg ha–1 for ‘Twiggs’ (Boerma et al., 1988), a grain-type used as a standard. Mature seed composition of Asmara on a 130 g kg–1 moisture basis averaged 431 g kg–1 protein, 120 g kg–1 oil with 22.9% of the oil as oleic acid. Tambagura had 359 g kg–1 protein, 123 g kg–1 oil, and 20.8% of the oil as oleic.
Asmara's performance was also evaluated at the Upper Marlboro Research Station of the University of Maryland, College Park in 2000 and 2001. When harvested in early November, the two-year average mature seed yield for Asmara was 2795 kg ha–1 compared to 3794 kg ha–1 for ‘York’ (Smith, 1968) which was used as a grain-type standard. The average seed size from both Maryland and Virginia locations was 22 g per 100 seeds while Twiggs seed weighed 14 g per 100 seeds. Asmara is resistant to seed shattering. Its two-year average shattering score was 1.0, which was the same as that for Twiggs and York. The shattering score was based on 1-to-5 scale (1 = no shattering and 5 = severe shattering).
Asmara has white flowers, tawny pubescence, and tan pod walls. Seeds have yellow seed coats and buff hila. Plants have determinate growth habit with an average height of 54 cm compared with 71 cm with Twiggs.
In tests at Jackson, TN, Asmara was susceptible to races 3 and 14 of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe). In tests at West Lafayette, IN, Asmara was resistant to race 2, but was susceptible to race 33 of the Phytophthora root rot pathogen (Phytophthora sojae M. J. Kaufmann & J. W. Gerdemann). In southern Indiana, Asmara was susceptible to bacterial pustule [caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycine (Coerper) Young, Dye & Wilkie] and mildly susceptible to sudden death syndrome (caused by Fusarium virguliforme O'Donnell & T. Aoki).
Breeder seed of Asmara will be maintained by the Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State University, P.O. Box 9061 Petersburg, VA 23806. Limited quantities of seeds are available for breeding and research purposes from the corresponding author for at least 5 yr. Seeds were deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System where they will be available for research purposes including development and commercialization of new cultivars. Rights for production and marketing of Asmara will be awarded by the USDA-ARS Office of Technology Transfer. The U.S. Plant Variety Protection Certificate no. 200300208 is granted for Asmara.
NOTES
Accepted for publication July 31, 2004.
REFERENCES
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