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a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6420
b USDA-ARS Western Quality Laboratory, Pullman, WA, 99164-6394
c USDA-ARS, Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
d Dep. of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sci., P.O. Box 442339, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
* Corresponding author (kidwell{at}mail.wsu.edu)
‘Hollis’ hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Reg. no. CV-954, PI 632857) was developed by the Agricultural Research Center of Washington State University in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Stations (AESs) of the University of Idaho and Oregon State University, and the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). Hollis was jointly released by the AESs of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon and the USDA-ARS in August 2003. Hollis was named after Hollis Shelton, who was a farmer/rancher in Garfield County, WA, for more than 70 yr, and is the grandfather of Gary Shelton, research technologist for the WSU Spring Wheat Breeding and Genetics Program. Hollis was released as a replacement for ‘Scarlet’ (Kidwell et al., 1999) in nonirrigated, direct-seeded wheat production systems in the semiarid to intermediate rainfall (<400 mm of average annual precipitation) regions in Washington based on its resistance to the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)], high grain protein content, high grain weight volume, and superior bread baking quality.
Hollis was tested under the experimental designations H9500173, K90445, and WA007859, which were assigned through progressive generations of advancement. Hollis is a F4:5 head row selection derived from the cross ‘Butte 86’/‘Copper’ (PI 502644)/4/‘Sawtell’ (CItr 17424)/ ‘Tabasi’//‘Makay’/3/‘Minnpro’ (PI 532149), which was made in 1989. A modified pedigree-bulk breeding method was used to advance early-generation progeny. Bulked seed from F1 plants was used to establish an F2 field plot. Seeds from approximately 100 randomly selected heads from individual F2 plants were bulked together to establish a single F3 plot that was bulk harvested to establish an F4 field plot. Single heads from 150 F4 plants were threshed individually to establish F4:5 head row families. Following selection for general adaptation, plant height, and grain appearance, seed from all plants (30 to 50) within each selected head row were bulk harvested to obtain F4:6 seed for grain yield assessment. F1, F2, F4, and F5 progeny were advanced in field nurseries in Pullman, WA, whereas F3 progeny were advanced at the Washington State University Dryland Experiment Station in Lind, WA. Breeder seed of Hollis was produced in 2002 as a reselection based on phenotypic uniformity of 1800 F4:12 headrows grown with irrigation at the WSU Royal Slope Research Station in Royal City, WA. Selected headrows were bulked at harvest, resulting in the production of 722 kg of Breeder seed.
Hollis is a tall, semidwarf plant with lax, fusiform heads with white awns and medium-length, white-glumed spikes. Hollis has large, blocky kernels that are red, hard, and rough textured. Seed of Hollis has a round, oval, and centered germ with a wide, sometimes dimpled crease, with semisharp to sharp cheeks and a medium length, lightly collared brush.
Hollis displayed varying levels of resistance to stripe rust races (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici). In greenhouse seedling tests conducted in 2002 in Pullman, WA, Hollis was highly resistant to races PST-29, 37, 43, 45, and 78, but moderately resistant or moderately susceptible to PST-98. These races were either previously predominant in the Pacific Northwest or are currently predominant throughout the USA. On the basis of results from field disease screening trials conducted in Mt. Vernon, WA, and Pullman, WA, in 2001, 2002, and 2003, Hollis was highly resistant to stripe rust at all testing sites. On the basis of controlled environment insect screening trials conducted at the University of Idaho, as well as naturally infested field trials in Walla Walla, WA, and Pullman, WA, Hollis is resistant to Hessian fly biotypes E, F, and GP. On the basis of pedigree and natural field infestation ratings from Pullman, WA, Hollis is susceptible to the Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)].
Hollis was evaluated in replicated field trials under fallow, nonirrigated, and irrigated conditions in Commercial Variety, Tri-State, and USDA-ARS Western Regional nurseries in Washington, Idaho, and Oregon from 1999 to 2002. In 57 tests conducted across 4 yr in nonirrigated and irrigated yield performance trials in Washington, grain yield averages of Hollis, Scarlet, ‘Tara 2002’ (Kidwell et al., 2002), and Westbred 926 were 3729, 3971, 3837, and 3669 kg ha–1, respectively. Hollis produced 175 to 195 kg ha–1 less grain than Scarlet across nonirrigated production sites and 1323 kg ha–1 less than Scarlet with irrigation. On the basis of 23 site-years of data in the semiarid region, Hollis (2358 kg ha–1) produced slightly less grain than Scarlet (2553 kg ha–1), similar grain quantities as Tara 2002 (2278 kg ha–1), and significantly more grain than Westbred 926 (2157 kg ha–1). Grain volume weight of Hollis averaged 769.6 g L–1, which was significantly higher than Scarlet (761.9 g L–1) and Westbred 926 (765.8 g L–1), and similar to Tara 2002 (770.9 g L–1). Grain volume weight averages of Hollis were 6.4 to 7.8 g L–1 higher than Scarlet in target production areas. Thousand-kernel weight averages of Hollis, Scarlet, Tara 2002, and Westbred 926 were 42.2, 48.8, 46.6, and 45.6 g, respectively. The average plant height of Hollis was 94 cm, which was 13 cm taller than Scarlet (81 cm) and Tara 2002 (81 cm), and 19 cm taller than Westbred 926 (75 cm). Lodging percentages of Hollis (
1%) were comparable with those of Westbred 926 and Tara 2002, and lower than those of Scarlet (10%). Hollis [Day of Year (DOY) 165] headed on the same day as Scarlet, and 2 and 3 d later than Westbred 926 (DOY 163) and Tara 2002 (DOY 162), respectively.
On the basis of 57 tests conducted in Washington from 1999 to 2002, average grain protein concentration of Hollis (144 g kg–1) was similar to Westbred 926 (145 g kg–1), and significantly higher than Scarlet (139 g kg–1) and Tara 2002 (141 g kg–1). In tests conducted by the USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory in Pullman, WA, using grain produced in breeding and commercial variety testing trials in Washington from 1999 through 2002, flour yield of Hollis (663 g kg–1) was similar to Scarlet (665 g kg–1), and higher than Tara 2002 (655 g kg–1) and Westbred 926 (646 g kg–1). Flour ash content for Hollis (3.7 g kg–1) was significantly greater than that for Scarlet (3.5 g kg–1), similar to that for Tara 2002 (3.8 g kg–1), and significantly lower than that for Westbred 926 (4.1 g kg–1). The mixograph mixing time for Hollis (4.7 min) was similar to that for Scarlet (4.5 min), shorter than that for Tara 2002 (6.1 min), and longer than that for Westbred 926 (4.1 min). Average 100-g pup loaf volume for Hollis (1048 cm3) was similar to those for Tara 2002 (1056 cm3) and Westbred 926 (1027 cm3), and significantly larger than that for Scarlet (991 cm3).
Foundation seed of Hollis will be maintained by the Washington State Crop Improvement Association under supervision of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, and the Washington State Agricultural Research Center, and small quantities may be obtained for research purposes by contacting the corresponding author or through the National Plant Germplasm System. U.S. Plant Variety Protection will not be requested for this cultivar.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We greatly appreciate the dedicated assistance of the following support personnel who assisted with field testing, quality assessment, and disease and insect screening during the development of this variety: Pat Reisenauer (WSU), John Kuehner (WSU), Clint Crane (WSU), Tracy Harris (WSU), Doug Engle (USDA-ARS), Dave Wood (USDA-ARS), Mary Moore (USDA-ARS) and Dennis Schotzko (Univ. of ID). We also thank the Washington Wheat Commission and the Washington State Agriculture Research Center for providing funding for this research.
NOTES
Accepted for publication February 29, 2004.
REFERENCES
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