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Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
* Corresponding author (bill.berzonsky{at}ndsu.nodak.edu)
Four synthetic hexaploid spring wheat (x Aegilotriticum sp.) lines designated 01NDSWG-2, 01NDSWG-5, 01NDSWG-4-1, and 01NDSWG-4-2 (Reg. nos. GP-767–GP-770, PI 634196–PI 634199) were developed and evaluated at North Dakota State University in 2002. The release of these synthetics is intended to broaden the genetic base of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). The FHB resistance expressed by the synthetics originates from Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (genome constitution AABB). In two separate greenhouse evaluation seasons, the synthetics exhibited a Type II resistance to FHB (Mesterhazy, 1995) comparable or superior to their resistant parent, and in at least one season, 01NDSWG-5, 01NDSWG-4-1, and 01NDSWG-4-2 exhibited resistance comparable to ‘Alsen’ (PI 615543), a North Dakota hard red spring wheat cultivar with Type II resistance originating from the Chinese cultivar Sumai 3 (PI 481542) (Ban and Suenaga, 2000).
Development of the synthetics was initiated by hybridizing a ‘Langdon’ (CItr 13165) durum wheat (Triticum turgidum spp. durum) with a T. dicoccoides 3A chromosome substitution [LDN(Dic-3A)-32 recombinant inbred chromosome line, RICL (Joppa, 1993)] as the female to accessions TA 2452 and TA 2473 of Triticum tauschii spp. squarrosa (genome constitution DD). After hybridizations, embryos were rescued on artificial media, and the regenerated hybrid plants (genome constitution ABD) were treated with a colchicine solution (Berzonsky and Kimber, 1989) to produce fertile, hexaploid plants (genome constitution AABBDD). The pedigree for 01NDSWG-2 and 01NDSWG-5 is LDN(Dic-3A)-32/TA 2452, while the pedigree for 01NDSWG-4-1 and 01NDSWG-4-2 is LDN(Dic-3A)-32/TA 2473. Seed of TA 2452 and TA 2473, the T. tauschii parents, was obtained from the Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. These two accessions were chosen to possibly incorporate resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.), greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)], and Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] from the D-genome into the four synthetics. Accession TA 2452 was collected from the Caspian region of Iran (Lubbers et al., 1991), and Gill et al. (1986) demonstrated in greenhouse evaluations that TA 2452 exhibited an immune reaction to leaf rust culture PRTUS6, an intermediate resistant reaction to greenbug Biotype E, and a resistant reaction to Hessian fly Biotype D. Accession TA 2473 carries the H26 gene on chromosome 4D for resistance to Biotype L of the Hessian fly (Cox and Hatchett, 1994), and it was previously used to produce the Hessian fly resistant germplasm line KS92WGRC26 (GP-397, PI 572542) (Cox et al., 1994). The substituted 3A chromosome originated from T. dicoccoides accession FA-15-3 ("Israel A"), and the 3A substitution line was selected because it had previously exhibited a high level of Type II resistance to FHB (Stack et al., 2002). In addition, a QTL accounting for 55% of the genetic variation for FHB resistance had been identified on the 3A chromosome substitution originating from the 3A RICL (Otto et al., 2002).
In 2002, a minimum of 90 spikes from 30 progeny of each of the four synthetic hexaploids, the RICL parent, ‘McNeal’ (PI 574642) (Lanning et al., 1994) and Alsen, FHB susceptible and resistant hard red spring wheat cultivars, respectively, were evaluated for Type II resistance to FHB in separate spring and summer greenhouse evaluations. Plants were screened for resistance by a single spikelet inoculation procedure (Stack, 1989), and according to standard protocol, spikelets were inoculated at midanthesis (Feekes growth stage 10.52) with a single Fusarium isolate obtained from a regional field environment. A percent FHB severity rating for spikes (Stack and McMullen, 1998) was made 21 d after inoculation. The mean FHB spike severity ratings during the 2002 spring and summer evaluations were; 44 and 47% for 01NDSWG-2, 54, and 29% for 01NDSWG-4-1, and 53 and 33% for 01NDSWG-4-2, which were comparable to or significantly lower (p 
0.05) than the 56 and 99% ratings for LDN(3A)-32, the RICL parent. The ratings for 01NDSWG-5 were 36 and 32% for the spring and summer seasons, respectively, compared with ratings of 9 and 30% for ‘Alsen’ and ratings of 70 and 96% for McNeal.
In 2002, we had insufficient seed quantities to grow the synthetics at different field locations, and the few plots, which were planted, had poor stands such that we did not obtain data on agronomic field performance and response to natural FHB infection. In addition, the synthetics have not been evaluated for resistance to any other pathogens; however, observations were made on their agronomic performance under greenhouse conditions, which consisted of day and night temperatures maintained in the range of 16 to 21°C and an artificially extended 16-h daylength with high-pressure sodium lamps (Agro Model Lamps, PL Light Systems, Inc., Grimsby, ON, Canada). The synthetics are not free-threshing, they exhibited a spring growth habit, and they tillered extensively under these greenhouse conditions. The synthetics also matured somewhat later under these conditions, flowering on average 84 to 92 d from germination compared with 54 d for Alsen, 63 d for McNeal, and 75 d for Langdon. Synthetics were comparable to Langdon durum in height, ranging from 115 to 133 cm tall under these greenhouse conditions.
Upon submitting a written request to the corresponding author, small quantities of seed (2 g) of each synthetic can be obtained for research purposes and for use in transferring resistance to cultivars. If this germplasm is used as a source of FHB resistance and contributes to research on FHB or to the development of new genetic stocks, germplasm, or cultivars, we request that North Dakota State University be recognized as developer of the synthetics.
NOTES
Research supported in part by the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative. Registration by CSSA.
Accepted for publication January 31, 2004.
REFERENCES
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  R. E. Oliver, R. W. Stack, J. D. Miller, and X. Cai Reaction of Wild Emmer Wheat Accessions to Fusarium Head Blight Crop Sci., March 1, 2007; 47(2): 893 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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