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a Dep. of Plant Breeding, 252 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853
b Dep. Of Crop and Soil Sciences, 233 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853
* Corresponding author (mes12{at}cornell.edu)
‘Caledonia’ (Reg. no. CV-943, PI 610188) is a soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station and released in March 1998 for production in the northeastern USA. This cultivar was released because of its exceptionally high grain yield and wide-adaptation in the northeastern USA and southern Ontario, Canada.
Caledonia originated as one of six variants selected in 1987 from a Breeder seed lot of ‘Geneva’ (Sorrells and Jensen, 1987), a stable, commercial wheat cultivar with the pedigree Ross Selection/3/(NY5207aB-2B-34) ‘Burt’//‘Genesee’/CI 12658/4/Genesee. Geneva Variant #3 was grown in a 1988–1989 Screening nursery plot and was uniform for plant type. In the 1989–1990 and 1990–1991 Cornell Small Grains Winter Wheat Master Nursery, Geneva Variant #3 had good grain yield, grain volume weight, lodging resistance, and resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis DC f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal). In addition, Geneva Variant #3 had heads with uniform white chaff color and was uniformly apically awnletted.
Geneva Variant #3 was designated Geneva Reselect and entered into the Cornell Soft White Winter Wheat Regional Trial where it was evaluated from 1992 to 1998. It was entered into the Uniform Eastern Soft White Winter Wheat Nursery in 1993. In 8 yr of regional testing at four locations in New York State, the grain yield of Caledonia averaged 4% higher than standard, widely grown cultivars, Harus (Teich, 1986) and Geneva. Over 8 yr, volume weight averaged 75.7 kg hL–1 which was 1 kg hL–1 below the mean of Harus and Geneva. Caledonia is shorter than most other commercially grown cultivars in the northeast and averaged 86 cm, approximately 11 cm shorter than Geneva and Harus. Lodging resistance of Caledonia averaged 1.6 versus 1.7 for Geneva on a 0-to-9 scale where 0 = erect and 9 = flat. Winter survival was 93% for Caledonia and 95% for Geneva over 8 yr of testing.
The mean heading date for Caledonia is similar to most soft white winter cultivars grown in New York except Geneva, which usually reaches heading 2 d earlier. Caledonia has yellow-green stems and leaves at booting and hollow white stems at maturity. At booting, the flag leaf is erect and the stems have a waxy bloom. Spikes are middense, fusiform, and apically awnletted. Glumes are white in color, long, medium wide, and have a rounded shoulder and an acute beak. The soft white kernels are ovate and have rounded cheeks, a medium brush, a narrow, middeep crease, and an average mass for 1000 kernels of 35 g.
Field observations in New York indicate that Caledonia is moderately resistant to the endemic populations of loose smut [caused by Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.]. The resistance of Caledonia to powdery mildew is somewhat better than Geneva as evidenced by a mean score of 0.6 for Caledonia, compared to a 1.7 for Geneva, when assessed on a 0-to-9 scale where 0 is no powdery mildew and 9 is 100% of the leaf area infected. Caledonia is susceptible to Fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe), having 7.9% incidence and 2.2% severity, compared to 6.1% incidence and 1.1% severity for the resistant cultivar ‘Ernie’ (McKendry et al., 1995) over 3 yr of testing. On the basis of field observations, Caledonia is resistant to Wheatspindle streak mosaic virus (score 3.3 on a 0-to-9 scale) and Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (5% incidence).
Milling and baking quality was evaluated by the USDA Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory, Wooster, OH. Flour yield means over 3 yr (1993–1995) were 75.5% for Geneva, 74.1% for Harus, and 76.0% for Caledonia. Flour protein averaged 7.8% for Geneva, 8.3% for Harus, and 8.0% for Caledonia. Percent alkaline water retention capacity was 55.0, 51.8, and 51.5 for Geneva, Harus, and Caledonia, respectively. Mean cookie diameter for Geneva was 18.7 cm, 18.1 cm for Harus, and 18.4 cm for Caledonia.
Seed derived from the 1993–1994 Cornell Soft White Winter Wheat Regional Trial was grown as Breeder seed in 1994–1995 and rogued for uniform plant type. The generation sequence of seed production will be Breeder, Foundation, and Certified. Cultivar protection has been approved under the U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPO no. 9500249). Caledonia was approved for release in 1995 and Certified seed was made available to farmers in the fall of 1998. Breeder and Foundation seed will be maintained by the New York Seed Improvement Cooperative, 103C Leland Fieldhouse, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Small quantities of seed are available from the corresponding author for research purposes.
NOTES
Research supported by Hatch 149419. Registration by the CSSA.
Accepted for publication December 31, 2003.
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