Published in Crop Sci. 44:1254-1258 (2004).
© 2004 Crop Science Society of America
677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA
CROP BREEDING, GENETICS & CYTOLOGY
Agronomic Effect of Wheat-Rye Translocation Carrying Rye Chromatin (1R) From Different Sources
W. Kima,
J. W. Johnsona,*,
P. S. Baenzigerb,
A. J. Lukaszewskic and
C. S. Gainesd
a Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus, Griffin, GA 30223
b Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
c Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
d USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory, Wooster, OH 44691
* Corresponding author (jjohnson{at}griffin.uga.edu).
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ABSTRACT
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The confounding effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic background has been addressed as the major factor in inconsistent agronomic performances of 1RS translocation. The objective of this study was to test the effects of centric translocations of chromosome 1 in various rye (Secale cereal L.) sources on agronomic performance of wheat grown in humid southeastern conditions in North America. Various 1R substitution, 1RS translocation, and 1RL translocation lines in ‘Pavon 76’ were evaluated for agronomic performance. The 1RS translocation line was most favorable for agronomic performance when compared with those of substitution, 1RL translocation, and controls. The 1RS significantly increased grain yield. However, the effect of source of rye chromatin was greater than its position effect in wheat genome. Among translocation lines, those with 1RS derived from ‘E12165’ (CIMMYT) and ‘Amigo’ induced higher mean grain yield and T1DL·1RS derived from ‘BH1146/Blanco rye’ had the lowest grain yield. The mean grain yield of 1RL translocation lines was lower than that of 1R substitution. Thus, selection of 1RS source is important in producing constantly higher grain yield in 1RS translocation lines. Genetic recombination among different 1RS may also be used to create more genetic variation.
Abbreviations: E, environment • G, genotype
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INTRODUCTION
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WHEAT–RYE TRANSLOCATION LINES have been developed to increase useful genetic variation of the wheat genome and to reduce the amount of unwanted rye chromatin found in whole chromosome substitution lines (Lukaszewski and Gustafson, 1983; Zeller and Hsam, 1983; Pena et al., 1990). Translocations involving the short arm (S) of 1R have been considered favorable for agronomic performance because of the presence of genes for resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Marat f. sp. tritici), stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici), leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici), and stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis West.) and high yield potential (Mettin et al., 1973; Zeller, 1973; Moonen and Zeven, 1984; McIntosh et al., 1993; Villareal et al., 1995; Carver and Rayburn, 1994).
Superior grain yield has been achieved with T1AL·1RS and T1BL·1RS genotypes. The advantage of T1AL·1RS was high grain yield, above-ground biomass, number of spikes per square meter, and test weight (Meeteren and Sears, 1991; Villareal et al., 1996). T1AL·1RS lines derived from Amigo have been recognized as the most favorable for yield (Lukaszewski, 1990; William and Mujeeb-Kazi, 1993). T1BL·1RS resulted in higher grain yield, kernel weight, and above-ground biomass (Carver and Rayburn, 1994; Moreno-Sevilla et al., 1995a, 1995b). However, the effects of 1RS translocation were not consistent for grain yield. Significant reduction of grain yield was reported by Singh et al. (1998). The advantage to grain yield of T1BL·1RS was reported in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) only under moisture stress (Villareal et al., 1997). No significant advantage for grain yield was reported in T1BL·1RS lines (Moreno-Sevilla et al., 1995b; McKendry et al., 1996). The confounding effect of wheat genetic background has been addressed as the major reason that the effects of 1RS translocation have not been consistent for agronomic performance (Villareal et al., 1991, 1994; Moreno-Sevilla et al., 1995b; McKendry et al., 1996). The objective of our study, therefore, was to determine the effect of 1RS and 1RL translocation and 1R substitution from different rye sources for agronomic performance grown under humid southeastern conditions.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Plant Materials
The tested rye chromatins were in the genetic background of Pavon 76, a white spring wheat from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico. Various chromosome substitutions and centric translocations were transferred into Pavon 76 with at least seven backcrosses completed. Each wheat–rye substitution or homozygous translocation line was produced with a sister line containing the normal chromosome constitution, to serve as checks in field trials. The original translocation chromosome T1BL·1RS for these experiments was taken from wheat cultivar Genaro 84, a line of the ‘Veery’ series from CIMMYT into which it was introduced from cv. Kavkaz (Rajaram et al., 1983). It was transferred to Pavon 76 by a series of backcrosses to 1B monosomics. All monosomics for group 1 chromosomes of Pavon 76 were produced by backcrosses to the corresponding monosomics of cv. INIA 66 obtained from Dr. R. Pienaar, University of Stellenbosch, RSA, with 10 backcrosses completed.
A complete chromosome 1R was identified in a breeding line of wheat E12165 (hereafter denoted by a subscript "e") selected at CIMMYT from a triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) x wheat cross (Lukaszewski, 1993). It was transferred to Pavon 76 via backcrossing and moved via monosomic shift from its original substitution for 1D to substitutions for 1A and 1B. Once there, this chromosome was translocated by centric breakage-fusion to group-1 chromosomes of Pavon 76 with all six compensating translocations produced (Lukaszewski, 1993, 1997). The original of chromosome arms in this set of translocations is denoted by subscript "e" for arms of 1R from E12165 and "p" for arms of Pavon 76. Translocation 1BSp·1RLe was used to reconstruct complete chromosomes 1B and 1R from the original centric translocation 1BL·1RS from Genaro-Veery (Lukaszewski, 1993, 1997). Reconstructed chromosomes 1Brec and 1Rrec, in effect centric translocations 1BSp·1BLv and 1RSv·1RLe, were used to generate new centric translocations T1ALp·1RSv., T1BLp·1RSv., and T1DLp·1RSv where subscript "v" denotes the chromosome arms from the T1BL·1RS of Genaro-Veery.
Several existing and new centric translocations of the rye 1RS arm to the long arms of wheat group 1 chromosomes were previously identified or produced in various cytological screenings and experiments and were introgressed into Pavon 76. T1AL·1RS derived from cv. Amigo was denoted T1AL·1RSam. The translocation line ‘E12169’ identified among CIMMYT wheat lines, selected from triticale x wheat hybrids, was denoted T1BL·1RScim. T1DS·1RL and T1DL·1RS, selected during the development of disomic addition lines of Blanco rye to the Brazilian wheat line BH1146, were denoted T1DS·1RLbb and T1DL·1RSbb, respectively. ‘Wheaton’, denoted T1DL·1RSw, was selected from a hybrid of a 1R (1D) substituted wheat line obtained from Dr. J. P. Gustafson, USDA-ARS.
Overall, this experiment consisted of six substitution lines of 1R (three of 1Re and three of 1Rrec), six compensating translocations of 1Re to group-1 chromosomes of Pavon 76, three 1RSv translocations, plus T1BLv·1RSe, six centric translocations of 1R from various sources, 16 control lines with normal chromosome constitution, and Pavon 76, for a total of 39 lines. All lines were grouped on the basis of genotype: 1R substitutions (6), 1RS translocations (12), 1RL translocations (4), and controls include Pavon 76 (17).
Field Experiments
The experimental lines were planted at Plains, GA, for 2 yr (1998 and 1999), and at Tifton, GA, and Quincy, FL, for 1 yr (1999), which give four different environments. Because of severe wind damage at Quincy, FL, and Tifton, GA, (1998), only the data from second year were included. Plot size was 1.52 by 3.04 m, consisting of seven rows with 17 cm between rows. Seeding rate was 100 kg ha–1. Grain was weighed to obtain yield estimates based on 135 g kg–1 moisture. Entries were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with three replications at each location. Standard cultural practices were followed at each location. Test weight was recorded from two replications at each location. Plant height and lodging were recorded at Plains, GA, in 1998 and at Quincy, FL, in 1998 and 1999.
Samples for yield components were collected from each plot at Plains, GA (1999). Plants from one-meter length of the center row were cut at ground level before harvest to determine above ground biomass, number of spikes, 1000-kernel weight, and harvest index. At each location, 0.1 kg ha–1 Tilt (propiconazole: 1-[{2-(2.4-dichlorophenyl)-4 propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl} methyl]-1H-1, 2.4-triazole) was applied to control powdery mildew, leaf rust, and glume blotch caused by Stagonospora nodorum Berk.
Statistical Analysis
Analysis of variance was performed for each trait. Environments and blocks were considered as random effects, and genotypes were considered as fixed. The error term for the F-test was estimated using PROC GLM from PC-SAS 6.12 (SAS Institute, 1996). The F-test for significance of a main effect was conducted with the corresponding mean square for the interaction with the environments. 1RS translocation lines within genotype were compared using single degree of freedom contrasts for grain yield, test weight, plant height, and lodging. Least significant difference (LSD) was calculated for mean comparisons.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Many studies had previously been conducted to determine the relative effect of rye chromatin (1RS) on grain yield. Those studies were either controlled single near-isogenic line or single recombinant inbred line trials. In this study, several near-isogenic lines from different 1RS sources were used to overcome the shortcomings of small sample size and lack of variety. By so doing, we were able to suggest one reason for the inconsistency: the rye sources of 1RS translocation.
The interaction of genotypes (G) x environments (E) was found to be significant for grain yield. No significant G x E interaction was observed for test weight, plant height or lodging (Table 1). No significant change in mean rank of genotypes was observed across the environments, although the significance of each comparison depended on its environment (data not shown). Grain yield and test weight were significantly different among environments and genotypes. No significant difference in all traits was observed between Pavon 76 and controls (data not shown).
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Table 1. Mean squares from analysis of variance for grain yield, test weight, plant height, and lodging for 6 1R substitutions, 12 1RS translocations, 4 1RL translocations and 17 controls at Pavon 76 grown at Plains, GA, 1998 and 1999, and at Tifton, GA, and Quincy, FL, 1999.
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The mean of each trait across environments among all 1R substitution, 1RS translocation, 1RL translocation lines and controls are listed in Table 2. Comparing the mean of each trait in all 1RS translocation lines and all controls including Pavon 76, 1RS translocation had a more favorable effect on grain yield relative to controls. Grain yield (+4.5%), biomass per square meter (+6.8%), and number of spikes per square meter (+11.8%) were increased in 1RS translocation lines (Table 2). But the effect of 1RS translocation varied in relation to the 1RS sources. For example, when we compared three centric translocations that involved 1RSe from the same source (E12165), 1RSe translocations had significantly higher grain yield than Pavon 76 (Table 3). No significant difference was found in grain yield within three 1RSe genotypes. In the case of three centric 1RS translocation genotypes derived from Veery, no significant difference even within three 1RS translocation genotypes was observed. Therefore, the position effect of 1RS in the different wheat genomes may not significantly affect grain yield.
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Table 2. Mean comparison of grain yield, test weight, plant height, lodging, biomass per square meter, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-kernel weight and harvest index of 6 1R substitutions, 12 1RS translocations, 4 1RL translocations and 17 controls in Pavon 76 grown at Plains, GA, 1998 and 1999, and at Tifton, GA, and Quincy, FL, 1999.
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Table 3. Mean comparison of grain yield, test weight, plant height, lodging, biomass per square meter, number of spikes per square meter, 1000-kernel weight and harvest index for 1R substitutions, 1RS translocations, 1RL translocations and 17 controls in Pavon 76 grown at Plains, GA, 1998 and 1999, and at Tifton, GA, and Quincy, FL, 1999.
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The 1RLe translocations had significantly lower grain yield than Pavon 76. All 1RL translocations and substitutions negatively affected agronomic performance, with the long arm being entirely responsible for this effect. The lower grain yield in 1RL translocations might be due to the negative effects of 1RL on grain yield and/or the possible positive effects of loss of the long arm of wheat chromosome 1. In the comparison between 1RLe translocations and 1Re substitutions involved with wheat genome 1, the favorable effects on grain yield of 1RSe in 1Re substitutions appeared to compensate to some extent for the positive effect of loss of the long arm of wheat chromosome 1 and/or the negative effects of 1RL. However, the favorable and unfavorable effects of 1RS translocation from different 1RS sources coincided with the results of previous controlled single near-isogenic line or recombinant inbred line studies. Within T1AL·1RS genotype, 1RS from Veery did not significantly differ in grain yield from controls, while T1AL·1RS lines from Amigo and E12165 showed significantly higher grain yield. The favorable effect of T1AL·1RS from Amigo is in agreement with the reports by Lukaszewski (1990) and William and Mujeeb-Kazi (1993). T1AL·1RSam, named as Amigo derived from ‘Insave’ rye (Sebesta and Wood, 1978; Lukaszewski, 1990), is also expected to carry favorable genes and gene combinations to increase yield. No significant difference in other traits was observed between each T1AL·1RS and controls.
T1BL·1RS lines from E12165 and E12169 also had positive effects for grain yield under humid southeastern conditions of North America. T1DL·1RS from E12165 had similar effects on grain yield as T1AL·1RS and T1BL·1RS carrying 1RS from E12165. These results are in agreement with the positive effects of T1BL·1RS on agronomic traits that resulted in higher grain yield (Carver and Rayburn, 1994; Moreno-Sevilla et al., 1995a, 1995b). This advantage in grain yield of T1BL·1RS was also reported in durum wheat under moisture stress compared with nonmoisture stress (Villareal et al., 1997). T1BLp·1RSv significantly increased test weight. T1BL·1RScim significantly reduced plant height by 5.7 cm compared with controls. Lodging and yield component showed no significant difference between each T1BL·1RS line and controls.
When comparing each T1DL·1RS line with controls, 1RS from E12165 significantly increased grain yield, and 1RS from BH1146/Blanco rye significantly reduced grain yield. Whereas all 1RS translocations from Veery had no effect on grain yield, T1BL·1RS from Genaro and T1DL·1RS from Wheaton also had no effect on grain yield. T1DL·1RS from BH1146/Blanco rye had significantly lower grain yield when compared with other 1RS translocations. No significant effect on grain yield in various 1RS translocations was also reported in different 1RS sources (Moreno-Sevilla et al., 1995b; McKendry et al., 1996; Kumlay, 1997; Kim et al., 2003). Significant yield reduction was observed in T1BL·1RS lines in nonmoisture stress trials by Singh et al. (1998). Grain yield and test weight of T1DL·1RS lines from Kanto107/Gabo(T1DL·1RS) were significantly lower than those of non-1RS lines (Kim et al., 2003). The 1R substitutions including 1RSv had significantly lower grain yields than those carrying 1RSe. Thus, the effects of 1RS translocation lines on agronomic performance in different genetic backgrounds were not always consistent. No significant difference in test weight for T1DL·1RS lines was observed when compared with controls. Significantly lower lodging was observed in T1DL·1RSbb than controls. T1DL·1RS had no significant effect on yield components.
Single degree of freedom contrasts among 1RS translocation genotypes with different 1RS sources are shown in Table 4. No significant difference in grain yield was observed among T1BL·1RSgnr, T1BLp·1RSv and T1BLv·1RSe. T1DL·1RSbb had significantly lower grain yield than other T1DL·1RS lines. No significant difference in grain yield was observed between T1DL·1RSw and T1DLp·1RSe.
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Table 4. Contrasts among each 1RS translocation genotypes in Pavon 76 with different 1RS sources grown at Plains, GA, 1998 and 1999, and at Tifton, GA, and Quincy, FL, 1999.
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All 1RLe translocation lines showed significantly lower grain yield compared with controls. When comparing three 1RLe genotypes, T1DSp·1RLe had higher grain yield and test weight than T1ASp·1RLe and T1BSp·1RLe. Significant difference in grain yield and test weight was observed between T1DS·1RLbb and controls. No significant difference in grain yield and test weight between T1DSp·1RLe and T1DS·1RLbb was observed. T1ASp·1RLe and T1BSp·1RLe were significantly taller than controls, while no significant difference in plant height was observed between each T1DSp·1RLe and controls. The 1RL translocations and controls had no significant difference on lodging and yield components.
In Pavon 76 background, the effects of 1RS depended on difference of its rye sources rather than its position in wheat genomes. However, it is critical to provide direct evidence of the position effect of 1RS, which is the interaction between genes on 1RS and wheat genomes. Since the wheat genetic background of our experiment lines was limited to Pavon 76, comparing different wheat cultivars carrying 1RS from the same rye source is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the position effect of 1RS in wheat genomes.
In conclusion, 1RS source can be suggested to be responsible for yield enhancement, and therefore the 1RS translocation can increase grain yield when the source of 1RS is carefully selected. Genetic recombination among individual 1RS from different sources may possibly create more genetic variation of 1RS translocation.
Received for publication September 12, 2003.
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ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
