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a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7272
b USDA-ARS, North Carolina State Univ., 3217 Ligon St., Raleigh, NC 27695-7631
c Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, P.O. Box 1004, Johnston, IA 50131-1004
d Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73402
e School of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Korea
* Corresponding author (tommy_carter{at}ncsu.edu)
NC113 Soybean Mapping Population [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. no. MP-1, NSL 426154) was developed by the USDA-ARS and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (NCARS). The genetic marker data for NC113 were collected at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations. This population and its genetic marker data have been used extensively to map genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) (Table 1; Boerma and Mian, 1999). It was released to the public in July 2001 by the USDA-ARS and NCARS to facilitate the mapping of additional genes that may segregate in the population and to serve as an instructional tool for training in genetic mapping and QTL discovery. The 116 F4–derived lines in this population have been scored for nine phenotypic traits and 232 polymorphic DNA markers. The population and data set are freely available upon request. The provided data set may be used to (i) create genetic linkage maps, ii) map "classical" soybean genes conditioning flower color, pod wall color, and resistance to bacterial pustule [caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines (Nakano 1919) Dye 1978b] onto a linkage map, and (iii) identify DNA markers associated with QTL for the traits maturity, plant height, lodging, 100-seed weight, and seed protein, and oil content. Researchers and teachers may also assay the NC113 population members directly for additional phenotypic traits and genetic markers and apply QTL analysis.
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Population NC113 was derived from the hybridization of ‘Young’ (PI 508266) and PI 416937 (Seed of the specific parental lines used are stored at NCGRP as PI 633743 and PI 633742, respectively). Young is a Maturity Group VI cultivar that was grown widely in the southern USA before 1990 (Burton et al., 1987). It has a determinate growth type, white flowers, gray pubescence, tan pod walls at maturity, and yellow seed with buff hila. PI 416937 is a Maturity Group VI accession from Japan and is phenotypically distinct from any U.S. cultivar or ancestor. The PI 416937 was selected as a parent of NC113 because it exhibits slow wilting under drought compared to most U.S. soybean cultivars (Sloane et al., 1990). It also possesses larger leaves, a more prolific root system, greater resistance to Mexican bean beetle [Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant)] and greater tolerance to Al than most U.S. cultivars (Carter et al., 1999; Kraemer et al., 1988; Bianchi-Hall et al., 1988; Villagarcia et al., 2001). It has a determinate growth type, purple flowers, gray pubescence, brown pod walls at maturity, yellow seed with buff hila, and is highly susceptible to pod dehiscence. PI 416937 is a parent of N7001, a high yielding Maturity Group VII cultivar developed by the USDA-ARS and NCARS (Carter et al., 2003).
The 116 F4–derived randomly selected inbred lines of NC113 were developed by the single seed descent breeding method (Brim, 1966; Lee et al., 1996a). Thus, all lines traced to a different random F2 plant, a population structure that facilitated maintenance of genetic variability in the population and DNA marker mapping. The F1 seed were produced at the Central Crops Research Station at Clayton, NC, in 1990 and the F1 plants were grown at the USDA-ARS Tropical Agriculture Research Station (TARS), Isabela, PR, the following winter. The F2 plants were advanced at Clayton, NC, in 1991 and the following winter at TARS. In 1992, individual F4 plants were harvested at Clayton, NC. Progeny rows were increased at the Sandhills Research Station near Windblow, NC, in 1993. The population and its parents were characterized for several agronomic and seed traits in 1994 (Table 1) (Lee et al., 1996a, 1996b; Mian et al., 1996b).
DNA Markers
The 116 lines in NC113 have been characterized with 232 genetic markers: 128 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) markers, 101 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers, and three simply inherited classical genes (L2, W1, and Rxp). The L2 locus partially controls pod color, W1 controls flower color, and Rxp conditions reaction to bacterial pustule (caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines) (Lee et al., 1996a; Mian et al., 1996a; Narvel et al., 2001). The population was characterized initially with RFLP markers and subsequently with SSR markers as they became publicly available (Cregan et al., 1999). Polymorphic RFLP probes were obtained from various sources including soybean and four other leguminous species. The origin of a probe was denoted by the prefix in its name designation. Probes designated "Bng" were from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and were obtained from J.M. Thome (Cent. Int. Agric. Tropical). Probes designated "CR" were cDNA probes from a peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) root library and those designated "CS" were from a peanut shoot library. The peanut probes were obtained from G.D. Kochert (Univ. of Georgia). Probes designated "GAC" were from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and were obtained from J.H. Bouton (Univ. of Georgia) and those designated "M" were from mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and were obtained from N.D. Young (Univ. of Minnesota). All other RFLP probes were from soybean cDNA and/or genomic clones and were obtained from R.C. Shoemaker (USDA/Iowa State Univ.), K.G. Lark (Univ. of Utah), or from R.T. Nagao (Univ. of Georgia). A suffix in the name designation of an RFLP probe denoted its correspondence (or lack thereof) to one employed in the public soybean genetic linkage map (Cregan et al., 1999). If a RFLP marker was identical to a marker present on the consensus map, it was assigned the same number suffix used on the consensus map [see SoyBase at http://soybase.agron.iastate.edu/ (verified 17 October 2003); go to SoyBase, Map_Collection,!Composite_Genetic_Map, Map]. The RFLP markers that were unique to the NC113 population were given a letter suffix. Those RFLP markers that showed dominance were given a "n" designation as the terminal component of the marker name. Twenty-one of the 128 RFLP markers were dominant and the rest exhibited codominance. The SSR markers were all developed from soybean and identified by the prefix "Sat_," "Satt," or "Sct_" (Cregan et al., 1999). The SSR data were collected using the procedures similar to those reported by Mian et al. (1999). All 101 SSR markers mapped in the NC113 population exhibited codominant inheritance. Although flower color is a dominant trait, the W1 locus could be treated as a codominant marker for mapping purposes because segregation for flower color within F4–derived lines, if present, could be detected. The L2 and Rxp loci were mapped as dominant markers because segregation within F4–derived lines for pod wall color and disease resistance were difficult to assay.
Linkage Map
An initial linkage map of this population was generated using RFLP markers and the W1 locus and a F2 population structure in Mapmaker-Exp 3.0 to identify 31 linkage groups covering approximately 1600 cM (Lee et al., 1996a). In a later study, the map was reconstructed according to its F4 population structure with GMendel 3.0 to reveal 33 linkage groups representing approximately 973 cM (Mian et al., 1996a). The linkage map developed for the current release includes the addition of the 101 SSR markers, the L2 locus, and the Rxp locus to the genetic markers employed previously. The current linkage map was constructed in GMendel 3.0 using the Kosambi map function, a minimum LOD of 3.0, and a maximum recombination frequency (rmax) of 0.38 (approximately equal to 50 cM) (Holloway and Knapp, 1993). This more robust genetic linkage map consists of 232 markers mapped to 30 linkage groups covering approximately 2100 cM (Table 2).
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QTL Analysis
The phenotypic diversity among lines within population NC113 has allowed the identification of a number of putative QTL for pod maturity, lodging resistance, plant height, seed weight, and seed protein and oil content (Table 1). Additional QTL have been identified in the YP population that condition water use efficiency, leaf ash, specific leaf weight, leaf size, pod dehiscence, and aluminum tolerance (Table 3).
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Small seed samples of Young, PI 416937, and the 116 F4–derived lines in NC113, designated from N93-S-1 to N93-S-179 (nonconsecutive numbers), are available from T.E. Carter, Jr. for at least 5 yr.
NOTES
Accepted for publication August 31, 2003.
REFERENCES
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  V. A. Fasoula, D. K. Harris, and H. R. Boerma Validation and Designation of Quantitative Trait Loci for Seed Protein, Seed Oil, and Seed Weight from Two Soybean Populations Crop Sci., July 1, 2004; 44(4): 1218 - 1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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