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a Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
b Central Agric. Res. Center, HC90-Box 20, Moccasin, MT 59462
c Southern Agric. Res. Center, 748 Railroad Highway, Huntley MT 50037
d Northwestern Agric. Res. Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901
e Western Triangle Res. Center, P.O. Box 1474, Conrad, MT 59425
f Eastern Agric. Res. Center, Box 393, Sidney, MT 59270
g Northern Agric. Res. Center, Star Rt. 36, Havre, MT 59501
* Corresponding author (usslt{at}montana.edu)
‘Outlook’ (Reg. no. CV-931; PI 632252) is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and released in February 2002. Outlook is targeted for all production areas of Montana on the basis of its resistance to the Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)], high yield potential, and good bread-baking characteristics
Outlook was derived as an F4 plant selection from the cross PI 372129/2*‘Amidon’ (PI 527682)//MT7810/MT7926. PI 372129 is resistant to the Russian wheat aphid due to the presence of resistance gene Dn4 (Nkongolo et al., 1991). MT 7810 (‘Tezanos Pintos Precos’/‘Sonora 64’//‘Fortuna’) was a sister line to ‘Glenman’ (McNeal et al., 1985). MT 7926 was derived from the cross ND 681/MT 6830. MT 6830 has the pedigree ‘Sheridan’//CI 13253/*5‘Centana’. ND 681 was an experimental line from North Dakota State University of unknown pedigree.
The breeding procedure for Outlook included two generations of single seed descent with no selection, and subsequent evaluation for height, maturity, and vigor in space-planted F4 rows. F5 head rows were evaluated for height, maturity, grain protein, apparent yield potential, and resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. Selected rows were entered into a single row yield trial in Bozeman, and evaluated for yield potential, grain protein, and dough mixing properties. Superior lines from this nursery, including Outlook, were entered into statewide yield trials.
Outlook has middense, erect, and tapering heads with red awns and glumes. Glumes are acuminate and the shoulder is wanting. Kernels are red, ovate, midlong and have a medium brush. Kernels have a medium crease with rounded cheeks. Anthocyanin is absent in the coleoptile, and the flag leaf is erect. Mature plant color is red.
Outlook has resistance to the Russian wheat aphid on the basis of greenhouse evaluations conducted by S. Haley at Colorado State University in 2000 and 2001. On the basis of a scoring system of 1 (resistant) to 5 (susceptible) (Nkongolo et al., 1991), Outlook had an average score of 2.3 compared to an average score of 5.0 for the susceptible ‘McNeal’ (Lanning et al., 1995). Outlook also did not display symptoms in a naturally occurring Russian wheat aphid infestation under field conditions at Moccasin, MT, in 2000. Outlook contains the dominant microsatellite marker gwm106, which is approximately 7 centimorgans from Dn4 (Liu et al., 2002). Outlook is resistant to stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) on the basis of artificial inoculation in 1998 to 2001 with a bulk of urediospores collected in eastern Montana from 1990 to 1996. Race composition of the bulk is not known. Outlook is moderately resistant to the Stagonospora blotch (caused by Stagonospora nodurum Berk.) on the basis of a natural infection near Sidney, MT, in 2001. No data are available regarding reaction of Outlook to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) or stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend). Outlook is susceptible to damage caused by the wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.).
Outlook was evaluated in a Preliminary Yield Nursery at four Montana locations in 1998, and has been tested yearly at Montana locations since 1999. Outlook was entered into the Uniform Regional Hard Red Spring Wheat Nursery in 2001 and 2002 under the experimental number MT 9874. Mean grain yield of Outlook over 27 location–years from 1999 to 2001 was 4891 kg ha-1, compared to 4750 kg ha-1 for McNeal. McNeal has been the most widely grown spring wheat cultivar in Montana from 1997 to 2002. In 18 dryland nurseries, Outlook and McNeal had grain yields of 3309 and 3238 kg ha-1, respectively. Outlook and McNeal had grain yields of 7122 and 6920 kg ha-1, respectively, at nine irrigated sites. Mean grain volume was 764 and 760 kg m-3 for Outlook and McNeal, respectively, over 27 location–years. Average heading date for Outlook is June 24, which is approximately 0.5 d later than McNeal. This is relatively late for a spring wheat cultivar grown in Montana. The average plant height for Outlook was 81.2 cm over 27 location/years, which is equivalent to McNeal. Observation of segregation patterns indicates that Outlook contains the Rht2 gene for semidwarf habit, as does McNeal (Storlie et al., 1996).
Grain protein of Outlook over 27 location–years averaged 148 g kg-1, which is 2 g kg-1 lower than McNeal. Milling and baking data from nine locations shows flour protein of Outlook to be 12.2 g kg-1, which is 0.3 g kg-1 higher than McNeal. Flour yield of Outlook was 68.3% as opposed to 66.2% for McNeal. Flour ash of Outlook was similar to McNeal at 0.42%. Bake water absorption for Outlook and McNeal were 72.3 and 73.8%, respectively. Bake mix time of Outlook was 4.7 min, which is 4.3 min shorter than McNeal. Final loaf volume of Outlook and McNeal were similar, at 1053 and 1060 cm3, respectively.
Breeder seed was developed by selection for uniformity among 400 head rows. Approximately 300 selected head rows were subsequently grown as four row plots at Bozeman, and aberrant types were discarded. Remaining head rows were bulked to form Breeder seed for Outlook. Breeder, Foundation, Registered, and Certified classes are recognized. Application will be made for U.S. Plant Variety Protection. Breeder and Foundation seed stocks of Outlook will be maintained by the Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman MT 59717. Small quantities of seed are available for research purposes on request from the corresponding author.
NOTES
Research was supported in part by the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee. Registration by CSSA.
Accepted for publication March 31, 2003.
REFERENCES
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