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a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6420
b USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory, Pullman, WA 99164-6394
c USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
d Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, P.O. Box 442339, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
* Corresponding author (kidwell{at}mail.wsu.edu)
‘Macon’ hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Reg. no. CV-928, PI 617072) was developed by the Agricultural Research Center of Washington State University (WSU) in cooperation with the University of Idaho, Oregon State University, and the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS). Macon was jointly released by Washington, Idaho, and Oregon Agricultural Experiment Stations and the USDA-ARS in October 2002. Macon was named after Victor L. DeMacon, the WSU research technologist who conducted the early generation, end-use quality assessments used to select this cultivar. Macon is targeted for production in the intermediate to high rainfall (>400 mm of average annual precipitation), nonirrigated wheat production regions of Washington State on the basis of its resistance to the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)], and its superior bread and noodle making qualities.
Macon was tested under the experimental designations WA007899 and HW000021, which were assigned through progressive generations of advancement. Macon is a F4:5 head row selection derived from the cross ‘Serra’/‘Westbred 926’//‘Tanager ‘S’‘(PI 519878)/’Pewee ‘S’ (PI 519819), which was made in 1993. Westbred 926 is a proprietary variety owned by Western Plant Breeders. A modified pedigree-bulk breeding method was used to advance early generation progeny. Bulked seed from F1 plants was used to establish an F2 field plot. Seeds from approximately 100 randomly selected heads from individual F2 plants were bulked together to establish a single F3 plot that was bulk harvested to establish an F4 field plot. Single heads from 150 F4 plants were threshed individually to establish F4:5 head row families. Following selection for general adaptation, plant height, and grain appearance, seeds from all plants (30–50) within each selected head row were bulk harvested to obtain F4:6 seed for grain yield assessment. F1, F2, F4, and F5 progeny were advanced in field nurseries in Pullman, WA, whereas F3 progeny were advanced at the Washington State University Dryland Experiment Station in Lind, WA.
One hundred heads selected from F4:7 field plots at Pullman, WA, were threshed individually and resulting seed was sent to Christchurch, New Zealand, in September 1999 for advancement. Seed from each head was planted in a single row. Rows were inspected for phenotypic uniformity during the growing season, and non-conforming rows were removed before harvest. Individual rows were harvested separately and F4:8 seed was returned to Pullman, WA, in February of 2000, where seed from each row was inspected for phenotypic uniformity and class verification before bulking. Breeder seed of Macon was produced from bulked F4:8 seed (57.7 kg) grown on 0.77 ha with irrigation at Othello, WA, in 2000.
Macon is an intermediate height, semidwarf cultivar. It has lax, tapering heads with white awns, and white glumes that are short and wide with square shoulders and obtuse beaks. Kernels are elliptical, white, hard, with a smooth texture. Seed of Macon has a round germ with a narrow, shallow crease, rounded cheeks, and a short, non-collared brush. Macon has an erect juvenile plant growth habit, and flag leaves are recurved and twisted.
Macon has seedling stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.) resistance similar to ‘Jefferson’ (Souza et al., 1999). Macon was resistant to races PST-17, 29, 37, 43, 45, and 78 in greenhouse seedling tests conducted from 1999 to 2002. In field tests conducted under natural infections at Mt. Vernon and Pullman, WA, from 1999 to 2002, Macon had resistant to moderately resistant reactions, with the exception that it was susceptible in one field trial near Pullman, WA, in 2002 indicating that a race shift occurred in the region during this crop year. On the basis of controlled environment insect screening trials conducted at the University of Idaho, as well as field trials conducted in Walla Walla and Pullman, WA, Macon is resistant to Hessian fly biotypes E, F and GP. On the basis of pedigree and natural field infestation ratings from Pullman, WA, Macon is susceptible to the Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)].
Grain yields of Macon typically equaled or were slightly lower than those of other hard white spring wheat entries in nonirrigated field trials in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho from 1999 to 2001. In 28 tests conducted over 2 yr in nonirrigated production regions in Washington State, the grain yield of Macon, ‘Idaho 377s’, and ‘Winsome’ was 4099 kg ha-1, 4435 kg ha-1, and 4300 kg ha-1, respectively. Macon produced 67 to 873 kg ha-1 less grain than Idaho 377s, depending on location. On the basis of 14-site years of data in the intermediate to high rainfall zone, grain yield of Macon (4972 kg ha-1) was lower than Idaho 377s (5241 kg ha-1), but similar to Winsome (5106 kg ha-1). Grain volume weight of Macon (760.6 g L-1), was lower than Idaho 377s (774.8 g L-1), but higher than Winsome (754.2 g L-1). Thousand kernel weight averages of Macon, Idaho 377s, and Winsome were 41.8, 35.5, and 38.6 g, respectively. The average plant height of Macon was 71 cm, which was 1 cm shorter than Idaho 377s, and 2 cm taller than Winsome. Lodging percentages of Macon (≤5%) were comparable with those of Winsome and Idaho 377s. Macon (163 Day of Year) headed 1 and 3 d earlier than Idaho 377s and Winsome, respectively.
In tests conducted by the USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory in Pullman, WA, using grain produced in breeding and commercial variety testing trials in Washington State from 1999 through 2001, grain protein concentration of Macon (132 g kg-1) was similar to Idaho 377s (132 g kg-1) and Winsome (128 g kg-1). Flour yield of Macon (67.8%) was greater than Idaho 377s (64.5%) and Winsome (66.2%). Flour ash content for Macon (0.38%) was similar to Idaho 377s (0.39%) and Winsome (0.40%).
The flour protein concentration of Macon (118 g kg-1) was higher than Winsome (112 g kg-1), but similar to Idaho 377s (117 g kg-1). Rapid Viscous Analyzer (RVA) values of Macon (2000 cP), which reflect starch quality, were similar to Winsome (2020 cP), but lower than those of Idaho 377s (2360 cP), a partial waxy type (Souza et al., 1997). Mixograph and baking water absorption for Macon (61.6 and 64.6%, respectively) were similar to Idaho 377s (61.7 and 65.1%, respectively), but were lower than Winsome (62.3 and 66.8%, respectively). The dough mixing time of Macon (4.9 min), Idaho 377s (4.4 min) and Winsome (4.8 min) was similar. Average loaf volume for Macon (1002 cm3) was larger than Idaho 377s (888 cm3), and Winsome (900 cm3). Alkaline noodle color stability, expressed as the brightness (L*) value of a noodle sheet stored at room temperature for 24 h, was similar for Macon (24 h L* = 79.6), Idaho 377s (24 h L* = 79.8) and Winsome (24 h L* = 79.9).
Seed of Macon will be maintained by the Washington State Crop Improvement Association, and small quantities of seed for research purposes may be obtained by contacting the corresponding author. U.S. Plant Variety Protection (Certificate No. 200200130) has been issued for this cultivar.
NOTES
Accepted for publication December 31, 2002.
REFERENCES
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