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a Dep. of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078
b Dep. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078
c Kansas State Univ. Agric. Res. Ctr.-Hays, Hays, KS 67601
d USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Laboratory, Stillwater, OK 74075
e Dep. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078
* Corresponding author (bfc{at}okstate.edu)
‘Intrada’ (Reg. no. CV-927, PI 631402) is a hard white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) developed cooperatively by the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station (OAES), Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, and the USDA-ARS, and released by the OAES and the USDA-ARS in September 2000. Intrada was released for its high yield and test weight potential in the southern High Plains and for its end-use value in domestic and export bread markets. Its name acknowledges a new era of wheat breeding at Oklahoma State University devoted to hard white wheat cultivar development and research.
Intrada is an F3–derived line selected from the cross, ‘Rio Blanco’ (PI 531244)/‘TAM 200’ (Worrall et al., 1995). The original cross, as well as the F1, F2, and F3 populations, was produced at Hays, KS, from which Intrada was identified as an F4 head row and entered into a preliminary yield trial in Kansas in 1993. Seed from these plots were provided to Oklahoma State University and other public institutions in 1993; in all, 180 lines were donated as experimental lines for research and for potential cultivar development. From 1994 to 2000, Intrada was tested as OK95G701 in Oklahoma performance trials, and it was extensively evaluated in a subset of the 180 lines ("Exp. line 9") for kernel color expression by Wu et al. (1999).
Intrada is a semidwarfed wheat that is medium-short in stature. Its plant height (77 cm) is 4 cm shorter than ‘Jagger’ and 3 cm shorter than ‘2174’. Intrada is intermediate for winter dormancy release and reaches the first-hollow-stem stage about 15 d later than ‘Heyne’, one of the earliest cultivars monitored in Oklahoma, and 20 d earlier than ‘Prowers’, one of the latest. Its dormancy release is similar to ‘TAM 107’ and ‘Custer’. Heading date of Intrada (121 d) is similar to 2174 and 3 d later than Jagger. Lodging resistance of Intrada on a scale of 1 (highly resistant) to 5 (highly susceptible) is about 4, which is intermediate to ‘Trego’ (5) and 2174 (1) but similar to Jagger (4). Intrada's preharvest sprouting tolerance is inferior to its white wheat parent, Rio Blanco, but similar to ‘Arlin’ (Wu and Carver, 1999). Percent sprouted kernels from detached, artificially misted spikes harvested at physiological maturity was 65% for Intrada, 25% for Rio Blanco, and 77% for Arlin, whereas the respective germination index values were 27, 16, and 40%.
With a semierect, narrow-leafed, compact canopy, juvenile plants of Intrada appear similar to Jagger but more erect than Trego. Its flag leaf at booting is dark green (similar to ‘Thunderbolt’), erect, and twisted. Intrada is white-chaffed and moderately tolerant to shattering, with awned, tapering, middense spikes that are inclined at maturity. Kernels are white, hard textured, ovate to elliptical, and short to midlong, and they have a narrow, shallow crease, rounded cheeks, and small germ.
Juvenile plants exhibited a susceptible reaction to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) in greenhouse tests to a bulk sample of urediniospores collected from wheat fields in Oklahoma in 2000 and southern Texas in 2001. In contrast, adult plants of Intrada show a low to intermediate reaction in the field in Texas and Oklahoma, varying from 20MS to 40S, or an approximate rating of 2 on a 1-to-9 scale (results from May 2002). On the basis of tests conducted by the USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, Intrada is postulated to carry leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 and other unnamed genes, which is consistent with the genotypes of its two parents, TAM 200 (Lr24) and Rio Blanco (Lr2a, Lr24, and other unnamed genes). Intrada also carries a resistance gene from ‘Amigo’ for stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Adult-plant field reaction to stem rust is moderately resistant. Reaction to Wheat soilborne mosaic virus is predominately resistant, with a low frequency of susceptible plants. Based on seedling tests in the greenhouse, Intrada is moderately susceptible to tan spot [caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs.] and to powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal]. Intrada is susceptible to Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphia noxia Mordvilko), greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani), and the Great Plains biotype of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say).
Intrada was tested in Oklahoma nurseries from 1995 to 1999, in the 1998 Southern Regional Performance Nursery, and in the 1999 Western Plains Regional Performance Nursery. In the 1999, 2000, and 2001 Oklahoma Wheat Variety Trials, Intrada averaged 3360 kg ha-1 across 22 environments primarily in western Oklahoma, compared with 3250 kg ha-1 for Custer and 3380 kg ha-1 for Jagger, two HRW cultivars Intrada is expected to displace in that region. In 2000 and 2001, the hard white cultivar Trego averaged 3130 kg ha-1 compared with 3100 kg ha-1 for Intrada. From the 2000 and 2001 Wheat Variety Trials, Intrada's volume weight averaged 780 kg m-3 compared with 767 kg m-3 for Trego, 759 kg m-3 for Custer, and 749 kg m-3 for Jagger. Intrada appears best suited for dryland production in western Oklahoma and in bordering regions of neighboring states. It is particularly adapted to a dual-purpose management system, because stand establishment with early fall planting and spring recovery from grazing are exceptional. Susceptibility to preharvest sprouting is the primary reason for not recommending production of Intrada outside of the High Plains.
Grain quality and end-use properties of Intrada were assessed by the Oklahoma State University Wheat Quality Laboratory (1998 and 1999), the USDA-ARS-GMRPC at Manhattan, KS (1998), the Wheat Quality Council Technical Review Board (1999), and the Wheat Marketing Center at Portland, OR (2001). Kernel size of Intrada is uniform but relatively small, with a mean kernel weight of 26.0 mg, which is 2.9 mg less than 2174, and a mean kernel diameter of 2.1 mm, which is 0.2 mm smaller than 2174. Grain protein concentration is intermediate (127 g kg-1), or about 1 g kg–1 lower than 2174. Intrada has an intermediate mixing time (4.1 min), moderately strong mixing tolerance (5 on a 1-to-10 scale), excellent loaf volume, and good crumb texture. Intrada's polyphenol oxidase activity (rating of 3 on a 0-to-5 scale) restricts its use in Asian fresh noodle products which require bright light color, stable at room temperature for at least 24 h. Intrada has shown promise in instant fried noodles, primarily for its desirable amylograph properties (breakdown value of 160 BU). Intrada is void of any wheat-rye translocation, and it has the wx-B1 null allele at the granule-bound starch synthase locus.
Breeder seed of Intrada will be maintained by the Dep. of Plant and Soil Sciences and Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078. Application for U.S. Plant Variety Protection has not been filed as of the date of publication. Small quantities of seed may be obtained for breeding and research purposes from the corresponding author for 5 yr from the date of publication. Seed has also been deposited in the National Seed Storage Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO.
NOTES
Intrada was developed with partial financial support of the Oklahoma Wheat Res. Foundation and Oklahoma Wheat Commission. Registration by CSSA.
Accepted for publication November 30, 2002.
REFERENCES
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