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Crop Science 43:1001-1005 (2003)
© 2003 Crop Science Society of America

FORAGE & GRAZING LANDS

Herbage Mass, Nutritive Value, and Ergovaline Concentration of Stockpiled Tall Fescue

R. L. Kallenbach*,a, G. J. Bishop-Hurleya, M. D. Massiec, G. E. Rottinghausb and C. P. Westd

a Plant Sci. Unit, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
b Veterinary Diagnostic Lab., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
c Southwest Missouri Res. and Education Center, Mt. Vernon, MO, 65712
d Dep. of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sci., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

* Corresponding author (kallenbachr{at}missouri.edu)


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) infected with an endophyte that does not produce ergot-like alkaloids (nontoxic endophyte) has not been evaluated for herbage mass, nutritive value, and ergovaline concentration when stockpiled during winter. Our objective was to quantify these responses for tall fescue infected with a native endophyte (K31 E+), a nontoxic endophyte (HiMag NTE), and with no endophyte (HiMag E-). Responses were measured on a fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs soil monthly from mid-December through mid-March in 1999-2000 (Year 1) and 2000-2001 (Year 2) in southern Missouri. Herbage mass for K31 E+ averaged 2370 kg ha-1, which was {approx}20% greater than HiMag E- or HiMag NTE. Herbage mass did not change from mid-December through mid-March for any entry. The nutritive value of all entries was equal on comparable dates with acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranging from 285 to 338 g kg-1 during the winter. Nutritive value was highest in mid-December of each year and then declined slowly after that. Neither HiMag E- nor HiMag NTE contained ergovaline, but K31 E+ had substantial concentrations of ergovaline in both years. The ergovaline concentration of K31 E+ was 454 µg kg-1 in December of Year 1 and 175 µg kg-1 in December of Year 2, but declined by {approx}85% by March each year. The stable herbage mass, slowly declining nutritive value, and absence of ergovaline in HiMag E- and HiMag NTE suggest that livestock producers could eliminate toxicosis problems by stockpiling these forages for winter grazing.

Abbreviations: ADF, Acid detergent fiber • CP, crude protein • NDF, neutral detergent fiber • NIRS, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
TALL FESCUE'S summer and autumn growth can be accumulated to extend the grazing season into winter (Matches, 1979; Rayburn et al., 1979; Fribourg and Bell, 1984). Livestock producers often call this stockpiled or autumn-saved pasture. The main reason producers use stockpiled pasture is its low cost compared with other feed sources. Recent economic analyses show that gestating, mature beef cows can be maintained on stockpiled tall fescue for less than one-fourth the cost to feed hay (Bishop-Hurley and Kallenbach, 2001). For spring-calving beef herds, the use of stockpiled tall fescue is one of the cheapest ways to winter dry, pregnant cows.

While many cool-season grasses can be stockpiled, tall fescue is the species most often used (Matches, 1979; Sleper and West, 1996). Producers often choose tall fescue over other cool-season grasses for stockpiling because it: (i) produces more growth in autumn (Taylor and Templeton, 1976; Archer and Decker, 1977), (ii) retains its nutritive value longer into winter (Taylor and Templeton, 1976; Hitz and Russell, 1998), and (iii) growth the following season is affected little by winter defoliation (Collins and Balasko, 1981a; Gerrish et al., 1994; Riesterer et al., 2000). In addition, because tall fescue's regrowth in autumn is almost entirely leaf (Sleper and West, 1996), the nutritive value of well-managed stockpiled tall fescue is often better than much of the grass hay produced in the lower Midwest (Belyea and Ricketts, 1993; Hitz and Russell, 1998).

Despite the wide use of stockpiled pasture, many producers report animal health problems in winter that are consistent with the symptoms of tall fescue toxicosis. These symptoms include gangrenous or necrotic tissue on the tail, ears, nose, or hooves of animals (Sleper and West, 1996). Many producers call this condition fescue foot and the problem is especially troublesome when livestock are under cold stress (Tor-Agbidye et al., 2001).

The endophytic fungus [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & W. Gams) Glenn, Bacon, & Hanlin] infects >90% of the tall fescue pastures in the Midwestern USA (Sleper and West, 1996). This fungus, commonly found in ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue, produces ergot-like alkaloids that cause the health problems exhibited by livestock grazing stockpiled tall fescue. Infection of tall fescue with nontoxic endophytes (strains not producing ergot-like alkaloids) has the potential to improve plant persistence over endophyte-free tall fescue (Latch, 1998). We hypothesize that use of endophyte-free tall fescue or tall fescue infected with a nontoxic endophyte might reduce or eliminate the livestock health problems associated with grazing stockpiled tall fescue. However, there is a lack of data describing the stockpiling characteristics of endophyte-free tall fescue or tall fescue infected with a nontoxic endophyte. In addition, there is a lack of data describing the ergot-like alkaloid concentration of stockpiled tall fescue infected with a toxic endophyte during winter.

Our objective was to determine the herbage mass, nutritive value, and ergovaline (as a marker for ergot-like alkaloids) concentration of tall fescue infected with a toxic, native endophyte (K31 E+), a nontoxic endophyte (HiMag NTE), and no endophyte (HiMag E-) through winter.


   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Three, 0.8-ha pastures of each tall fescue entry (K31 E+, HiMag E-, and HiMag NTE) were established at the Southwest Missouri Research and Education Center near Mt. Vernon, MO. The soil type at this location was a Creldon silt loam (fine, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs). In September 1997, the field was sprayed with 1.12 kg ha-1 a.i. of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] to control the existing vegetation. After a 14-d kill period, the field was moldboard plowed and fallowed until spring 1998. During the spring and summer of 1998, the field was disked monthly. In September 1998, final tillage was completed and all tall fescue entries were broadcast seeded at 16 kg ha-1 pure live seed. After seeding, the soil was firmed with a cultipacker.

From early April until early August each year, four 250-kg (± 20 kg) steers were continuously stocked on each pasture. On 5 Aug. 1999 and 15 Aug. 2000, livestock were excluded from a 10.6- by 13.7-m area within each pasture using electric fencing. Tall fescue growth from this excluded area was stockpiled and these were the main plots in this experiment. Just before erecting the electric fence, pastures were clipped to an 8-cm stubble height and received 56 kg ha-1 of N as ammonium nitrate. Plots were left unharvested until the first sampling in mid-December.

Herbage mass from the three tall fescue entries was measured monthly from mid-December through mid-March in 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. For simplicity, the 1999-2000 season will hereafter be referred to as Year 1 and 2000-2001 as Year 2. Herbage mass was taken from unharvested 0.8- by 10.6-m strips within main plots using a flail-type harvester. The fresh mass of each strip was recorded and a 350 g (± 50 g) subsample was dried at 50°C for 96 h to determine dry matter. Herbage mass measurements reflected net changes in growth and decomposition or tissue loss. Harvested forage consisted of both live and dead material.

An additional subsample was taken from {approx}20 locations within each plot on each sampling date using battery-powered hand shears. Forage was clipped to a 6-cm stubble height and these samples were put into 3.8-L plastic bags, placed on ice in the field, and then transferred to a freezer held at -12°C. Frozen samples were lyophilized and then ground to pass a 1-mm screen. Hand-sheared samples were also collected at intermediate dates between herbage mass harvests ({approx}14 d after each herbage mass harvest).

Acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), and ergovaline concentrations were determined from the hand-sheared samples. Ergovaline was measured using the procedure described by Hill et al. (1993). Acid detergent fiber, NDF, and CP were determined using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) using the scanning, calibration, and validation methods described by Marten et al. (1989) (Table 1). Crude protein for NIRS calibration samples was determined by measuring total N concentration using the micro-Kjeldahl technique outlined by Wall and Gerke (1975). Acid detergent fiber and NDF for calibration samples were determined using the methods described by Van Soest and Robertson (1980).


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  		Table 1. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration and validation statistics for acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein.

 
The treatments in this experiment were three tall fescue entries: K31 E+, HiMag E-, and HiMag NTE and four monthly sampling dates (mid-December, January, February, and March). Treatments were replicated three times and allocated to a split-split plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design. The same plot area was used both years. Tall fescue entry was the main plot, year was the subplot, and sampling date within year the sub-subplot. Sampling dates were randomly assigned to subplots within each main plot. Analysis of variance was conducted on tall fescue entries, years, sampling dates within years, and all possible interactions using the model outlined by Steel and Torrie (1980). The General Linear Model (PROC GLM) function of the Statistical Analysis Systems software was used to compute the terms in the model (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). When the F test was significant (P < 0.05), means were separated using Fisher's protected LSD (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Reference to significant differences among means indicates significance at P < 0.05 unless otherwise stated.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Herbage Mass
The main effect of entry on herbage mass was significant but the other main effects and interactions were not significant. Thus, herbage mass data are averages across years and sampling dates for each entry.

Herbage mass was greatest for K31 E+ (2370 kg ha-1) while HiMag NTE and HiMag E- were equal to each other but {approx}20% lower than K31 E+ (Fig. 1). Previous research has demonstrated that K31 often produces as much or more fall growth than other tall fescue cultivars (Joost and Mattas, 1996). While the addition of a nontoxic endophyte to endophyte-free cultivars of tall fescue may improve stand persistence (Latch, 1998), it did not alter fall growth of HiMag.



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  		Fig. 1. Winter herbage mass of endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 (KY31 E+), HiMag infected with a nontoxic endophyte (HiMag NTE), and endophyte-free HiMag (HiMag E-) tall fescue. Data are pooled across four winter sampling dates and 2 yr. Bars with the same letter are not significantly different using Fisher's protected LSD ({alpha} = 0.05).

 
Herbage mass did not change from mid-December through mid-March for any entry. This suggests that stockpiled tall fescue dry matter does not deteriorate rapidly after mid-December in southern Missouri. It is generally reported that tall fescue herbage mass peaks 1 to 3 wk after the first killing frost and then declines 8 to 45% by early winter (Ocumpaugh and Matches, 1977; Gerrish et al., 1994). Compared with other studies, our sampling began later in the year (when stockpiled tall fescue is typically used) and over a longer period. Other research on stockpiled tall fescue conducted in West Virginia (Collins and Balasko, 1981a), Tennessee, and Delaware (Fribourg and Bell, 1984) shows that herbage mass often remains stable or declines slowly after mid-December. Our data show that measurements of herbage mass taken in December would accurately predict the availability of stockpiled forage through winter.

Nutritive Value
For ADF, NDF, and CP, the main effect of entry and interactions including entry were not significant; however, years, sampling dates, and the year x sampling date interaction were significant. Thus, data are averaged across entries but presented separately by year and sampling date.

All entries had equal concentrations of ADF, NDF, and CP on comparable dates. Averaged across entries, in mid-December of Year 1, ADF was 296 g kg-1 and NDF 520 g kg-1, while in Year 2, ADF was 326 g kg-1 and NDF 578 g kg-1 (Fig. 2). Crude protein averaged 133 g kg-1 in mid-December both years. Generally, nutritive value declined slowly but steadily from mid-December through early March as ADF and NDF increased by 10 to 60 g kg-1 while CP decreased by 2 to 9 g kg-1. Other researchers have noted that the nutritive value of tall fescue declines slowly after early winter (Ocumpaugh and Matches, 1977; Collins and Balasko, 1981b; Fribourg and Bell, 1984). In Year 2 of our study, there was a notable drop in ADF and NDF and an increase in CP from early- to mid-January. This increase in nutritive value might be explained by an 11-d period of above-average temperatures in early January 2001 when the tall fescue initiated new growth. We hypothesize that brief warm periods in winter cause tall fescue to initiate small amounts of new growth, but that warm temperatures also accelerate the decay of older tissue. Other researchers have shown that tall fescue initiates new growth when ambient temperatures are as low as 1°C (Nelson, 1996). Thus, while herbage mass is static during the winter, nutritive value may be influenced to a greater degree by weather conditions.



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  		Fig. 2. Acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein (CP) of stockpiled tall fescue from mid-December through mid-March of 1999-2000 (Year 1) and 2000-2001 (Year 2). Data are pooled across three entries of tall fescue. Means with the same letter within a year are not significantly different using Fisher's protected LSD ({alpha} = 0.05).

 
Despite the fluctuations in ADF, NDF, and CP, the nutritive value of stockpiled forage in this study met or exceeded the nutrient requirements of both dry and lactating beef cows (National Research Council, 1996). In addition, the stockpiled forage in this study would have 200 to 300 g kg-1 less ADF and NDF than the fully headed, tall fescue hay that is typically fed to dry, gestating, beef cows in the lower Midwest (Belyea and Ricketts, 1993). This suggests that producers can use stockpiled tall fescue to reduce or eliminate the use of supplemental feeds for these animals in winter.

Ergovaline Concentration
HiMag E- and HiMag NTE contained no ergovaline, while K31 E+ had substantial concentrations of ergovaline (Fig. 3). Because only K31 E+ contained any ergovaline, HiMag E- and HiMag NTE were excluded from further analysis. For K31 E+, the effects of year, sampling date, and the year x sampling date interaction were significant, and thus the data for K31 E+ are presented by year and sampling date.



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  		Fig. 3. Ergovaline concentration of stockpiled, endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 (KY31 E+) tall fescue from mid-December through mid-March of 1999-2000 (Year 1) and 2000-2001 (Year 2). Means labeled with the same letter within a year are not significantly different using Fisher's protected LSD ({alpha} = 0.05).

 
In both years, the ergovaline concentration in K31 E+ was highest in mid-December and declined by {approx}85% by the end of winter (Fig. 3). The rapid loss of ergovaline after mid-December suggests that the forage becomes less toxic to livestock through winter. Stamm et al. (1994) suggested that ergovaline concentrations in excess of 150 µg kg-1 were associated with symptoms of tall fescue toxicosis in livestock during winter. Using this threshold, the forage in our study fell below toxic levels after early February in Year 1 and after early January in Year 2.

This finding has important implications for winter-feeding systems that include stockpiled tall fescue. For instance, livestock producers might benefit by feeding nontoxic forages in early winter and then using stockpiled K31 E+ in mid- to late winter when ergovaline concentrations fall below threshold levels. Using this feeding strategy, livestock might not be subjected to ergovaline concentrations that are considered above threshold levels at any time in winter. In contrast, if the opposite feeding strategy were used (i.e., stockpiled K31 E+ fed in early winter followed by nontoxic forage), then livestock would be subjected to toxic concentrations of ergovaline in early winter. Further research involving animals is needed to see if this feeding strategy helps reduce or eliminate the symptoms of winter toxicosis.

Ergovaline concentrations were higher on comparable dates in Year 1 than in Year 2 (Fig. 3). Environmental conditions often impact ergovaline concentrations in tall fescue (Rottinghaus et al., 1991; Porter, 1995), and thus the differences between years may be the result of diverse weather conditions. In our study, precipitation from September through November of Year 1 was 48% below the 40-yr average in southwestern Missouri (Table 2). In addition, temperatures from November through March of Year 1 were above average, most notably in November when air temperatures were 4°C warmer than average. In Year 2, precipitation was closer to the long-term average while air temperatures were below average in November and December.


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  		Table 2. Monthly total precipitation and average air temperature at Mt. Vernon, MO, from late summer through the winter of 1999-2000 (Year 1) and 2000-2001 (Year 2). Historic averages represent 40 yr of climatic data.

 
Ergovaline is used as an indicator of potential toxicity, with the realization that other ergot-like alkaloids (ergopeptine and lysergic acid derivatives) may contribute to tall fescue toxicosis (West et al., 1998). Many of the alkaloids associated with infected tall fescue, such as ergovaline, are unstable because they are subject to photolytic and air oxidation, hydration, and epimerization at the C-8 position of the ergoline ring (Garner et al., 1993; Porter, 1995). Other than this basic chemistry, we know little about the fate of ergovaline in stockpiled tall fescue. Given the unstable nature of the toxins in endophyte-infected tall fescue, it is possible that ergovaline decomposes in stockpiled forage during the winter and that weather conditions regulate decomposition. Rottinghaus et al. (1991) found that the ergovaline concentration in infected tall fescue was greatest during spring and autumn, but declined rapidly when plants were semidormant in summer. On the basis of this finding, it is possible that the cold temperatures in the autumn of Year 2 limited tall fescue growth after early November and consequently, decomposition of ergovaline began at an earlier date. Another possibility is that the loss of ergovaline in stockpiled tall fescue during winter, as well as the differences between years, may be due to leaching. Garner et al. (1993) reported that ergovaline is water-soluble and thus, susceptible to leaching. In our study, leaching losses in Year 1 may have been negligible before our first sampling in December due to the dry weather conditions. By comparison, the more typical weather patterns in Year 2 may have allowed more ergovaline to be leached from the stockpiled forage before our first sampling. Further research is needed to understand the effect of climate on ergovaline concentrations in stockpiled tall fescue and how these conditions impact management decisions.


   CONCLUSIONS
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
 
We found that stockpiled tall fescue showed no decline in herbage mass, had minor declines in nutritive value, and that the ergovaline concentration in K31 E+ decreased to low levels by mid- to late winter. The HiMag E- and HiMag NTE entries contained no ergovaline throughout winter. These results support our hypothesis that livestock producers in the lower Midwestern USA could reduce or eliminate winter toxicosis by stockpiling tall fescue without an endophyte or tall fescue infected with a nontoxic endophyte. The decline in ergovaline concentrations in stockpiled K31 E+ indicates that delaying its use until mid- or late winter could minimize winter toxicosis problems. Producers who have stockpiled fields of endophyte-free tall fescue or tall fescue infected with a nontoxic endophyte in addition to separate fields of K31 E+ might minimize problems with winter toxicosis by using the nontoxic pastures early in the winter grazing season followed by the K31 E+ pastures. Likewise, producers whose winter-feeding program includes both nontoxic hay and stockpiled K31 E+ should feed their hay in early winter followed by the stockpiled forage.


   NOTES
TOP
 NOTES
ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Contribution of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station and the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

Received for publication March 18, 2002.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 NOTES
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 CONCLUSIONS
 REFERENCES
 




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