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a Dep. Crop & Soil Sci., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6420
b USDA-ARS, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210
c USDA-ARS, Washington State Univ. Pullman, WA 99164-6430
d USDA-ARS, 501 N. Walnut St., Madison, WI 53505-2334
e Dep. Plant, Soil, & Entom. Sci., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843
f Aberdeen Res. & Ext. Center, Univ. of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210
g Dep. Crop and Soil Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331
* Corresponding author (ullrich{at}wsu.edu)
‘Farmington’, a semidwarf (SD) two-row spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Reg. no. CV-302, PI 617034), was developed by the barley improvement team at the Washington State University (WSU) Agricultural Research Center cooperatively with the Idaho and Oregon Agricultural Experiment Stations and the USDA-ARS. It was formally released by these agencies in 2001. It was selected at Pullman, WA, from a 1991 cross of WA7190-86/‘Maresi’. WA7190-86 is a selection from WA10698-76 [‘Klages’(CIho 15478)/WA8189-69)/WA8517-74 (‘Piroline’ SD Mutant/‘Valticky’ SD Mutant) (Wesenberg et al., 1974; McKay, 1969)]. WA8189-69 is a selection from Betzes/Heines Hanna//Piroline*2 /3/Valtiky SD Mutant (Lambert, 1960). Maresi is a European malting type developed in Germany from a complex cross. Farmington was developed by a bulk-pedigree method. A single F3:4 spike row was selected in 1994 and designated WA9504-94. WA9504-94 was advanced in replicated yield trials with primary selection criteria of relatively high yield, test weight, plump kernels, lodging resistance, malting quality, and barley stripe rust resistance (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. hordei). Farmington was named for a small town in the eastern Palouse region of Washington State, where it is best adapted.
Farmington was tested in the Washington State Uniform Spring Barley Nursery from 1997 to 2001 (10–13 sites per year). Farmington yielded 4970 kg ha-1 or 94% of ‘Baronesse’, leading cultivar in Washington, across 60 location–years in eastern Washington. For the same set of tests, Farmington yielded 108% of ‘Harrington’ (Harvey and Rossnagel, 1984), the leading malting cultivar; 107% of ‘Gallatin’ (Hockett et al., 1987), a major feed barley; 107% of ‘Bancroft’ (Wesenberg et al., 2001); and 111% of ‘Orca’ (Hayes et al., 2000), both resistant to barley stripe rust in the Pacific Northwest. Across the 16 test locations in eastern Washington during the 5 yr of testing, Farmington significantly out-yielded Baronesse at one location (114%) [intermediate precipitation zone (300–400 mm)], equaled its yield at eight locations (95–104%) [one irrigated, four high precipitation (>400 mm), two intermediate precipitation, and one low precipitation zone (<300 mm)], and yielded less than Baronesse at seven locations (79–92%) (three intermediate and four low precipitation zones). Farmington was also tested in the Western Regional Spring Barley Nursery from 1998 through 2000 (10–12 sites per year). Farmington's yield relative to Baronesse or ‘Steptoe’ (Muir and Nilan, 1973), former leading Washington cultivar, in the Western Spring Barley Nursery in the Pacific Northwest was 112% at Pullman, WA; 115% at Moscow/Genesee, 111% at Bonners Ferry, 100% at Aberdeen, and 94% at Idaho Falls, ID; and 89% at Klamath Falls, OR. Across 11 test sites in Oregon in 2000, Farmington's yield (4965 kg ha-1) averaged 98% of Baronesse's yield (5051 kg ha-1). Farmington's yield relative to that of Baronesse ranged from 100 to 122% at six sites (four irrigated or high precipitation, and one each of intermediate and low precipitation) and 73 to 92% at the other five sites (one irrigated or high, three intermediate, and one low precipitation). Farmington, generally, is best adapted to the intermediate to high rainfall production zones and irrigated areas of eastern Washington, northern and southern Idaho, and eastern and southern Oregon.
Farmington is a semidwarf type with average plant height of 60 cm and 7% lodging compared with 68 cm and 18% for Baronesse, 73 cm and 19% for Harrington, 75 cm and 16% for Gallatin, 73 cm and 31% for Bancroft, and 73 cm and 14% for Orca measured across 60 Washington location–years only in nurseries where lodging occurred. In the same tests, Farmington's average test weight and kernel plumpness were 654 kg m-3 and 81% compared with 658 kg m-3 and 78% for Baronesse, 644 kg m-3 and 80% for Harrington, 670 kg m-3 and 78% for Gallatin, 649 kg m-3 and 80% for Bancroft, and 656 kg m-3 and 91% for Orca. Maturity of Farmington is midseason and similar to that of Baronesse. Farmington has lax spikes that nod slightly. Awns are long and rough. Kernels are covered with a white aluerone, long rachilla hairs, narrow crease, prominent veins, and wrinkled lemma and palea on the distal half. Kernels are plump and tapering at both ends.
Farmington has malting quality comparable with Harrington based on micromalt analyses. However, it did not pass American Malting Barley Association (AMBA) first year pilot scale tests. Grain from the 2002 crop year was submitted to AMBA to definitively determine its potential. Feed quality of Farmington should be acceptable based on its high test weight and kernel plumpness and moderate grain protein level (11% average).
Farmington has partial resistance to barley stripe rust based on USDA-ARS cooperative screening trials conducted initially in Cochabamba, Bolivia, and later in the USA at Davis, CA, and Pullman and Mt. Vernon, WA. In 1996 in Bolivia, an indication of resistance was noted when Farmington had a rating of 10% infection and moderately susceptible (MS) infection type compared with 20% susceptible (S) for Baronesse and trace MS for Bancroft. In California for 2000 and 2001, respectively, Farmington had ratings of 20% MS and 50% S compared with no data and 100% S for Steptoe and 20% S and 60% S for Baronesse. In Washington across 4 yr (1998 to 2001), percentage infection:infection type [0 (no reaction) to 8 (highest)] for Farmington, Steptoe, Baronesse, Bancroft, and Orca ranged from 0:0 to 30:8, 5:8 to 90:8, 0:0 to 50:8, 0:0 to 5:8, and 0:0 to 2:8, respectively. Farmington appears to have resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei G. Otth) based on screening at Mt. Vernon, WA, in 2000 with percentage infections of 0, 0, 0, 95, and 95 for Farmington, Steptoe, Baronesse, Bancroft, and Orca, respectively. It has no other known highly susceptible or resistant reactions to other diseases.
Breeder and Foundation seed stocks of Farmington are produced and maintained by the Washington State Crop Improvement Association (WSCIA) Foundation Seed Program. Seed production under certification will proceed from Breeder through Foundation, Registered, and Certified seed classes. Requests for seed can be made to the WSCIA Foundation Seed Program, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-6420. Small quantities of seed for research purposes can be obtained from the corresponding author. It is requested that appropriate recognition be given when Farmington contributes to research or the development of new breeding lines or cultivars. There are no plans to apply for U.S. Plant Variety Protection.
NOTES
Research at WSU supported by Washington State Univ., the Washington Barley Com., and the American Malting Barley Assoc., Washington Agric. Res. Center Projects 1006, 7008, 5206. CSS Dep. Sci. Paper No. 0211-07. Registered by CSSA.
Accepted for publication May 31, 2002.
REFERENCES
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  S.E. Ullrich, V.A. Jitkov, C.E. Muir, J.W. Burns, P.E. Reisenauer, R.F. Line, X. Chen, B.L. Jones, D.M. Wesenberg, L.D. Robertson, et al. Registration of 'Bob' Barley Crop Sci., May 1, 2003; 43(3): 1132 - 1134. [Full Text] [PDF]
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