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Fig. 4. (a) Leaf carbon exchange rate (CER) of three hybrids after a 4°C exposure in the dark for either 16 or 2 h and field control across five stages of development during the grain-filling period, and (b) the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of dark-adapted leaves of three hybrids after a 4°C exposure in the dark for either 2 or 16 h across two stages of development (i.e., 1 and 3 wk after silking). Measurements were taken after 1-h exposure to high photosynthetic photon flux density following cold exposure.