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a Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6420
b USDA-ARS Western Regional Quality Laboratory, Pullman, WA
c USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, Pullman, WA (retired)
d USDA-ARS-PSERU, Manhattan, KS (retired)
* Corresponding author (kidwell{at}mail.wsu.edu)
‘Zak’ soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Reg. no. CV-914, PI 607839) was developed by the Agricultural Research Center of Washington State University in cooperation with the Agricultural Experiment Stations (AESs) of the University of Idaho and Oregon State University and the USDA-ARS. This variety was named in honor of emeritus professor Dr. C.F. Konzak, who was the spring wheat breeder at Washington State University from 1957 to 1993. Zak was jointly released by the AESs of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon and the USDA-ARS. Zak was released as a replacement for ‘Wawawai’ in the intermediate to high rainfall (>457 mm of average annual precipitation), nonirrigated wheat production regions of Washington State based on its tolerance to the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)], high grain yield and superior end-use quality.
Zak, tested under the experimental designations WA007850, W9400154, and K89792, which were assigned through progressive generations of advancement, is a F4:5 head row selection derived from the cross ‘Pavon S’/5/PI 167822/CI 13438 113-6//‘Idaed’/‘Marfed’ 68-5/4/‘Lemhi 66’/3/‘Yaktana 54A’*4//‘Norin 10’/‘Brevor’/6/‘Walladay’/7/PI 506355/8/‘Treasure’. CI 13438 113-6 and Marfed 68-5 were single plant selections, based on plant type, from the original cultivars. The following modified pedigree-bulk breeding method was used to advance early generation progeny. Bulked seed (30 g) from F1 plants was used to establish an F2 field plot. Approximately 100 heads were selected at random from individual F2 plants, and a 40-g subsample of the bulked seed was used to establish a single F3 plot. Seed from the F3 plot was bulk harvested, then a 60-g subsample was used to establish an F4 field plot. Single heads from 150 F4 plants were threshed individually to establish F4:5 head row families. Following selection for general adaptation, plant height, and grain appearance, seed from 30 to 50 plants within each selected head row was bulk harvested to obtain F6 seed for grain yield assessment. F1, F2, F4, and F5 progeny were advanced in field nurseries at Pullman, WA, whereas F3 progeny were advanced at the Lind Dryland Experiment Station at Lind, WA. Breeders seed of Zak was produced as a reselection, based on phenotypic uniformity, of 1700 F10 head rows grown with irrigation at Othello, WA, in 1999.
Zak is an intermediate height, semidwarf plant. It has lax, fusiform heads with white awns and medium length, white glumed spikes with midlong to long kernels that are white, soft, and ovate. Seed of Zak has a midsize germ with a narrow, mid-deep crease, rounded cheeks, and a short, non-collared brush.
Among the major pests of spring wheat in the Pacific Northwest, USA, Zak has non-race-specific, high-temperature, adult plant resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.) races common in North America, including CDL 17, 37, 43, and 45, determined on the basis of results from noninoculated and inoculated field disease screening trials conducted at Mt. Vernon and Pullman, WA, for four crop years. Zak also has moderate adult-plant resistance to leaf rust (caused by P. triticina Eriks.). On the basis of insect screening trials conducted at Kansas State University, University of Idaho, and field trials conducted at Walla Walla and Pullman, WA, Zak is tolerant to Hessian fly biotypes E, F, and GP. On the basis of pedigree and natural field infestation ratings from Pullman, WA, Zak is susceptible to the Russian wheat aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)].
Zak was evaluated in replicated field trials under fallow, nonirrigated, and irrigated conditions. Grain yields of Zak typically equaled or exceeded those of other soft white spring wheat entries in nonirrigated and irrigated field evaluations conducted in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho from 1995 to 2000. In 53 tests conducted over 4 yr in Washington State, the grain yield average of Zak was 4470 kg ha-1, which was significantly higher than the yield averages of Wawawai (4352 kg ha-1), ‘Alpowa’ (4389 kg ha-1), and ‘Penawawa’ (4199 kg ha-1). Grain volume weight of Zak averaged 773.5 g L-1, which was 10.3 to 16.7 g L-1 lower than those of Wawawai (787.6 g L-1) and Alpowa (785.1 g L-1), and 1.3 to 10.3 g L-1 lower than Penawawa (777.3 g L-1). Thousand-kernel weight averages of Zak, Wawawai, Alpowa, and Penawawa were 42.6, 45.0, 37.3, and 41.9 g, respectively. The average plant height of Zak was 89 cm, which was 5 cm shorter than Wawawai (94 cm), equal to Alpowa (89 cm), and 5 cm taller than Penawawa (84 cm). Lodging percentages of Zak were lower than those of Wawawai and comparable with those of Alpowa and Penawawa. Zak headed 2 d later than Wawawai (day of year 168), on the same date as Penawawa (day of year 170), and 1 d earlier than Alpowa (day of year 171).
In tests conducted by the USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality Laboratory (WWQL) at Pullman, WA, using grain produced in breeding and commercial variety testing trials in Washington State from 1994 through 1999, protein content of Zak (10.3%) was consistently lower than the soft white checks Wawawai (10.7%), Alpowa (10.4%), and Penawawa (10.5%). Flour yield of Zak (69.5%) was higher than Wawawai (68.9%), Alpowa (68.3%), and Penawawa (67.1%), whereas flour ash content for Zak (0.37%) was higher than that for Wawawai (0.32%) and Alpowa (0.35%) but lower than that for Penawawa (0.40%). Zak had a higher average milling score (86.1) than Alpowa (85.4), and Penawawa (80.8) but lower than Wawawai (88.5). Average cookie diameter for Zak (9.6 cm) was larger than Wawawai (9.4 cm), Alpowa (9.3 cm), and Penawawa (9.4 cm), and average sponge cake volume of Zak (1295 cm3) was larger than Wawawai (1251 cm3) and Penawawa (1283 cm3) when the baking quality of flour extracted from grain samples collected across production regions were compared.
Seed of Zak will be maintained by the Washington State Crop Improvement Association under supervision of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and the Washington State Agricultural Research Center, and may be obtained by contacting the corresponding author or through the National Plant Germplasm System. U.S. Plant Variety Protection status for this cultivar is pending.
NOTES
Accepted for publication September 30, 2001.
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