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Crop Science 42:316-317 (2002)
© 2002 Crop Science Society of America

REGISTRATION OF GERMPLASM

Registration of OK 163, OK 164, OK 187, OK 188, OK 189, and OK 208, Enhanced Alfalfa World Collection Germplasm

J.L. Caddel*,a, A.A. Zarrabib, R.C. Berberetb and J.D. Pratera

a Dep. of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078-6028
b Dep. of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078-6028

* Corresponding author (jlc{at}mail.pss.okstate.edu)

OK 163, OK 164, OK 187, OK 188, OK 189, and OK 208 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasms (Reg. no. GP-338–GP-343, PI 618616–PI 618621) were developed by the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2000. These broad genetic base germplasms were synthesized from hundreds of world collection accessions (P.I.'s) crossed with adapted material and possess varying degrees of enhancement for adaptation. With the exception of OK 208, these germplasms were synthesized from several thousand plants tracing from intercrossed P.I.'s selected through phenotypic selection for resistance to the blue alfalfa aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) collected in Oklahoma during 1984 to1990 period. OK 208 was developed by phenotypic selection for blue alfalfa aphid biotype BAOK90 (Zarrabi et al., 1994) resistance in 1996. The purpose of this breeding approach is to improve the utility of P.I.'s for development of alfalfa cultivars.

These populations have a highly diverse parentage and probably carry alleles not normally possessed by cultivars and experimental strains in traditional breeding programs. Their adapted parents contributed varying degrees of adaptation, and they provide resistance to important pests including Fusarium wilt [caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. medicaginis (Weimer) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans], bacterial wilt [caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus (McCulloch)], Phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. f. sp. medicaginis T. Kuan & D.C. Erwin.), anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum trifolii Bain & Essary), Verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthier), spotted alfalfa aphid [Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)], blue alfalfa aphid (biotype BAOK90 collected in Oklahoma), and pea aphid [A. pisum (Harris)].

Six experimental strains (OK 106, OK 108, OK 122, OK 123, OK 124, and OK 125) were created by saving one to four plants resistant to blue alfalfa aphid from many of the several hundred accessions from the USDA-ARS world alfalfa collection. Overall, 926 accessions were screened. (The complete list of P.I.'s that contributed to these germplasms can be found online at http://www.agr.okstate.edu/alfalfa/pub/PI-accessions.htm; verified August 3, 2001) For convenience in the greenhouse and crossing blocks, selected plants were first intercrossed in one of seven groups consisting of 40 to 113 accessions (Table 1).


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  		Table 1. Development of intermediate populations (selection for blue alfalfa aphid resistance and intercrossing), leading to enhanced alfalfa germplasm.

 
OK 106 was developed by intercrossing 125 blue alfalfa aphid-resistant plants which were derived from OK 82 and OK 83. OK 83 was developed as follows. During 1984–1985, several thousand plants of 97 accessions were subjected to phenotypic selection for blue alfalfa aphid resistance, resulting in 299 plants from 79 accessions that were interpollinated in greenhouse cages with honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to produce seed designated OK 58 syn 1. Seed from each accession was harvested separately, and the half-sib families were subjected to a second cycle of selection for blue alfalfa aphid resistance resulting in 218 plants tracing back to 76 accessions. Seed was produced and harvested as before, resulting in OK 83 syn 1.

OK 82 syn 1 resulted from one cycle of selection for blue alfalfa aphid resistance and interpollination of 161 plants from 40 accessions. Several thousand plants of OK 82 and OK 83 were screened for blue alfalfa aphid resistance, and 125 plants were interpollinated in the greenhouse to produce seed of OK 106 syn 1 (Table 1).

The other five populations were created by a single-cycle of selection for blue alfalfa aphid resistance in 1985–1986 and then were intercrossed (Table 1). The strains (with number of contributing accessions and plants) were OK 108 (96 accessions and 208 plants), OK 122 (45 accessions and 108 plants), OK 123 (113 accessions and 285 plants), OK 124 (75 accessions and 171 plants), and OK 125 (24 accessions and 150 plants).

An equal blend of seed from these populations (OK 106, OK 108, OK 122, OK 123, OK 124, and OK 125) was planted in an isolated field in rows (1 m apart) alternating with Cimarron (Plant Variety Protection No. 7900092), a well-adapted, high yielding, persistent cultivar. Wild bees (primarily Bombus spp. and Apis mellifera L.) were used to pollinate. Each world collection plant grew and produced seed with Cimarron plants on either side for convenient movement of pollinators, promoting crossing between P.I.'s and plants of the adapted cultivar. Syn 1 seed was harvested separately from each row, resulting in two populations: OK 163, which had P.I.'s as the female parent, and OK 164, which had Cimarron as the female parent (Table 2).


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  		Table 2. Intermediate populations crossed with adapted material to form OK 163, OK 164, OK 187, OK 188, OK 189, and OK 208 alfalfa

 
OK 163 seed was then sown in alternate rows with OK 169 syn 1 (Caddel et al., 2002), a broad genetically based adapted strain. Seed was produced, and as before, two populations were harvested. Seed harvested from OK 163 rows was designated OK 187 syn 1, and seed harvested from OK 169 rows was designated OK 188 syn 1 (Table 2). Approximately 1000 plants each of OK 163 and OK 164 underwent two additional cycles of selection for resistance to the blue alfalfa aphid collected in Oklahoma. In the first cycle (in 1990) a mixture of original biotype and new biotype BAOK90 (Zarrabi et al., 1994) was probably used, resulting in 294 plants, which were intercrossed in the field to create OK 189 syn 1. Several hundred plants of OK 189 underwent a second cycle of selection for blue alfalfa aphid BAOK90 resistance in spring of 1996 in the greenhouse and 112 selected plants were interpollinated in the greenhouse by hand to form OK 208 syn 1. The syn 2 and syn 3 generations were produced in isolated fields with wild bees and honey bees as pollinators for all populations.

Standard tests (North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference, 1999) for resistance to the following diseases were conducted by Crop Characteristics, Inc., Farmington, MN, and results were presented as percent resistant plants: Fusarium wilt—OK 163 = 48, OK 164 = 46, OK 187 = 34, OK 188 = 58, OK 208 = 54, Agate (R) = 54, MNGN-1 (S) = 5; bacterial wilt—OK 163 = 36, OK 164 = 46, OK 187 = 31, OK 188 = 38, OK 208 = 29, Vernal (R) = 42, Narragansett (S) = 2; and Phytophthora root rot—OK 163 = 15, OK 164 = 28, OK 187 = 25, OK 188 = 28, OK 208 = 19, Agate (R) = 43, Saranac (S) = 5 [(R) = Resistant; (S) = Susceptible].

Seedling tests to evaluate resistance to the blue alfalfa aphid and spotted alfalfa aphid were conducted at Stillwater, OK. The percentages of seedlings exhibiting resistance (class 1–4) after infestation with aphids collected in Oklahoma were: blue alfalfa aphid—OK 163 = 11, OK 164 = 10, OK 187 = 19, OK 188 = 11, OK 189 = 18, OK 208 = 25, CUF 101 (R) = 29, and ‘Arc’ (S) = 4; spotted alfalfa aphid—OK 163 = 38, OK 164 = 49, OK 187 = 24, OK 188 = 37, OK 189 = 34, OK 208 = 56, Baker (R) = 50, and ‘Caliverde’ (S) = 6.

Generally, broad genetic based populations are completely unadapted for forage production and have little agronomic value without enhancement. These populations were subjected to natural selection during field seed production, which required living through at least one winter and summer in Oklahoma. They have been enhanced also with alleles from well-adapted cultivars to varying degrees. As a general measure of enhancement, forage yield was determined for each of these germplasms and is presented in Table 3 as a percentage of the trial mean. Each trial included some of the best materials developed by public and private breeding programs. Detailed results of each forage evaluation have been distributed in Central Alfalfa Improvement Conference Variety Test Reports and are available online at www.agr.okstate.edu/alfalfa/var-test/alf-var.html; verified August 3, 2001.


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  		Table 3. Forage yield of enhanced alfalfa germplasm as a percentage of trial means.{dagger}

 
Fifty grams of OK 163 and OK 187 (syn 1 seed) and OK 164, OK 188, OK 189, and OK 208 (syn 3 seed) will be made available to each applicant upon written request and agreement to make appropriate recognition of its source when this germplasm contributes to the development of a new germplasm, cultivar, hybrid, or strain cross. Request for seed from outside the USA should be accompanied by the appropriate customs and control documents.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors acknowledge Crop Characteristics, Inc., Farmington, MN, for evaluation of these germplasms.

NOTES

Contribution from the Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn. Registration by CSSA.

Accepted for publication July 31, 2001.

REFERENCES




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J.L. Caddel, A.A. Zarrabi, R.C. Berberet, and J.D. Prater
Registration of OK 163, OK 164, OK 187, OK 188, OK 189, and OK 208, Enhanced Alfalfa World Collection Germplasm
Crop Sci., January 1, 2002; 42(1): 316 - 317.
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