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a Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7629
b Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7629
* Corresponding author (hts{at}unity.ncsu.edu)
GP-NC WS 5 and GP-NC WS 6 (Reg. no. GP-103 and GP-104, PI 619169 and PI 619170) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm lines were released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service in May 1997. The two lines were derived from an A. hypogaea (PI 261942) x A. cardenasii Krapov. and W.C. Gregory (GKP 10017, PI 262141) interspecific cross. The A. hypogaea parent (2n = 4x = 40) is a purple-seeded subspecies fastigiata var. fastigiata line introduced from the Guarani, Paraguay region of South America. This genotype is highly susceptible to Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood and many other pathogens and insects (Guok et al., 1986; Stalker, 1984). Arachis cardenasii is a diploid (2n = 2x = 20) species from Robore, Bolivia and is highly resistant to M. arenaria (Holbrook and Noe, 1990; Nelson et al., 1989) and many other pathogens and insects (Stalker and Simpson, 1995). First generation hybrids were obtained and colchicine treated to restore fertility at the hexaploid (2n = 6x = 60) level. A fertile plant was self-pollinated, and in 1978, the chromosome number of numerous progenies from a heterogeneous population were found at the tetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) chromosome level.
Twenty-two families derived from the A. hypogaea x A. cardenasii cross were evaluated for M. arenaria resistance in the greenhouse during the winter of 1989–1990. The lines were reevaluated in greenhouses during 1990 and 1994. Galls produced on two resistant interspecific hybrids and on A. cardenasii were very small as compared with those produced on A. hypogaea. The numbers of galls per gram root and eggs per gram root were significantly (P 
0.05) fewer than the most resistant A. hypogaea lines evaluated PI 259572 and PI 259639 (Holbrook and Noe, 1990). In field microplot evaluations during 1991 and 1992, the two interspecific hybrid lines GP-NC WS 5 and 6 were highly resistant as compared with A. hypogaea checks, and they were not significantly different from the resistant diploid A. cardenasii parent for galls and eggs. These two germplasm lines are currently in the 14th generation after the ploidy level was confirmed (2n = 40).
Suppression of galling is conditioned by a single dominant gene, and a second dominant gene, linked at 16 ± 2.5 cM, conditions decreased reproductive development as expressed by reduced egg production (Garcia et al., 1996). Both genes are in linkage group 1 of the peanut RFLP map (Garcia et al., 1996; Halward et al., 1993). The genes also have been linked to a random amplified polymorphic DNA primer Z3 with molecular weight equaling 265 (Garcia et al., 1996).
GP-NC WS 5 has a semi-erect growth habit. No flowers are produced on the main stem, and vegetative to reproductive nodes on lateral branches are in an alternating branching pattern. Botanically, the line belongs to the subspecies hypogaea var. hypogaea. The main stem is apparent at the time of harvest. Pods have a deep constriction and are mostly two-seeded, but one-seeded pods occur at less than a 10% frequency. The testa is smooth and has a uniform tan color. Seed weight is approximately 43 g 100-1 seed, and the line has a yield potential of less than 1000 kg ha-1. Maturity is 8 to 10 d later than ‘Florigiant’. The line had significantly (P 0.05) fewer galls, egg masses, and eggs g-1 root than the moderately resistant A. hypogaea lines PI 259572 and PI 259639. When soil is inoculated with M. arenaria juveniles, nematodes initially enter roots; but they begin to migrate out of the plant tissues within 5 d, as opposed to susceptible genotypes where greater numbers of nematodes enter the roots and populations remain at elevated levels. The line expresses the Z3 RAPD marker band. It also has moderate to high levels of resistance to Cercospora arachidicola Hori, but is highly susceptible to southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc) and to Cylindrocladium black rot [caused by Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield, & Alfenas; syn. C. crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers].
GP-NC WS 6 has a decumbent growth habit. Flowers are produced on the main stem, and vegetative to reproductive nodes on lateral branches are mixed with short runs of reproductive and alternating reproductive: vegetative nodes. Botanically, the line is intermediate between subspecies hypogaea and subspecies fastigiata. The main stem averages 28 cm in length and is apparent at the time of harvest. Pods have a deep constriction and average 19.6 mm in length and 9.6 mm in width. Seeds weigh about 26 g 100-1 seed, and the testa color is tan. The line has low yield potential. Maturity is 4 to 5 d later than Florigiant. The line had significantly (P 0.05) fewer galls, egg masses, and eggs g-1 root than the moderately resistant A. hypogaea lines PI 259572 and PI 259639. Very few nematodes (one or two) were observed in roots from 1 to 10 d after soil was inoculated with M. arenaria juveniles. Plants have a characteristic band of molecular weight 265 when analyzed with the Z3 RAPD primer. GP-NC WS 6 is also highly resistant to southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber), and has moderate to high levels of resistance to potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris), corn earworm (Heliothis zea Bodie), and early leaf spot (caused by C. arachidicola), but is highly susceptible to southern stem rot. Fifty seeds of GP-NC WS 5 and GP-NC WS 6 will be distributed upon written request to the corresponding author.
NOTES
Accepted for publication July 31, 2001.
REFERENCES
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