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PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

Soybean Reaction to Races 1 and 2 of Heterodera glycines

Dep. of Agronomy, 117 Curtis Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7020 USA

arellip{at}missouri.edu

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a serious pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA and worldwide. A current classification system has designated 16 different races of SCN populations. In the Southern USA, SCN Races 1 and 2 are becoming more prevalent. It is important to identify soybean accessions with resistance to these races. The objective of this study was to bioassay 32 soybean plant introductions (PIs) for resistance to SCN Races 1 and 2 together with standard host differentials and a susceptible control. The bioassays were performed for each of the two races during 1997 to 1998 in thermoregulated water baths in the greenhouse. The results indicated that 25 PIs had resistance to Race 1 and 24 PIs had resistance to Race 2. PIs which were resistant to Race 1 and either moderately resistant or moderately susceptible to Race 2 included PIs 468915, 494182, 507354, 507422, and 509100. PIs 467327, 468903, and 507471 were resistant to Race 2 and additionally were either moderately susceptible or moderately resistant to Race 1. Soybean PIs that were yellow seeded and had various levels of resistance to both races included PIs 494182, 507354, 507422, and 507471. These are the most desirable sources for development of soybean cultivars with resistance to SCN Races 1 and 2. These soybean lines are being fingerprinted by means of microsatellites to identify unique types to allow broadening the diversity of resistance gene introgression.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE is the most widespread pest of soybean in the USA and worldwide. First reported in North Carolina (Winstead et al., 1955), SCN has since spread throughout most of the soybean production states. In 1997, SCN reduced soybean yields in USA by an estimated 596 000 Mg (J. A. Wrather, 1998, personal communication). After field infestation with SCN, the number of nematodes may be reduced by carefully managing crop rotation, but they are never completely eradicated. The most efficient way to control SCN is to plant resistant soybean cultivars in rotation with non-host crops.

Soybean resistance to SCN was initially identified by Ross and Brim (1957) and included Peking, PI90763, PI209332, and PI84751. Soybean germplasm continued to be introduced mainly from China, and today 118 resistant sources are identified in the USA (Rao-Arelli et al., 1997). The current classification system for SCN populations has designated 16 different races on the basis of their ability to parasitize a set of soybean host differentials (Riggs and Schmitt, 1988). The SCN population originally identified from North Carolina was later categorized as Race 1 (Golden et al., 1970).

Several accessions from soybean germplasm collections were evaluated for resistance to Races 3, 5, and 14 with 118 found to have resistance to one or more races (Anand et al., 1985; Young, 1990, 1995; Nelson et al., 1994). More recently, soybean cultivars in the Southern USA with resistance to Races 3 and 14 are threatened by the widespread occurrence of Race 2 (J.G. Shannon, 1997, personal communication). We have evaluated 86 of the 118 resistant accessions to SCN Races 1 and 2 and nine were determined to have resistance to both races (Rao-Arelli et al., 1997). The objective of this research was to bioassay the remaining 32 accessions from the original 118 for reaction to SCN Races 1 and 2.

	Materials and methods

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Collection and culturing methods of two near-homogeneous races of SCN used in this research have been reported (Rao-Arelli et al., 1997). We have developed and used similar near-homogeneous races of SCN in previous genetic studies for stable reactions (Rao-Arelli et al., 1989). Briefly, a SCN field population of Race 1 was obtained from Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, and was cultured on the roots of susceptible `Hutcheson' (Buss et al., 1988), adopting limited inbreeding for more than 24 generations. This population was categorized as Race 1 according to the classification system of Riggs and Schmitt (1988), and was maintained on the roots of Hutcheson.

A Race 2 population was collected from soybean fields in Beaufort County, North Carolina. This was cultured with limited inbreeding and maintained on roots of `Pickett-71' (Hartwig et al., 1971) for 31 generations before it was used as inoculum in this bioassay.

Thirty-two soybean accessions (PI458175B through PI532444B) with known reaction to SCN Races 3, 5, and 14 were bioassayed in this research. These were in Maturity Groups 0 to VII, and were collected from China, Japan, and South Korea. These accessions plus the four standard host differentials (`Peking', PI90763, PI88788, and Pickett-71), and Hutcheson, a susceptible control, were included in each bioassay. Seeds of PI lines used in this research were obtained from R. L. Nelson, Curator, USDA-ARS, National Soybean Research Laboratory, Urbana, IL.

Bioassays were performed individually for each of the two SCN races in the greenhouse during 1997 to 1998 as described previously (Rao-Arelli et al., 1997). Ten seedlings were included for each of the 32 accessions, susceptible control, and host differentials. Each seedling represented a single replication within a genotype, and the test was completely randomized. In brief, the techniques involved growing plants in 200- by 25-mm plastic micropots filled with steam-pasteurized Brosely fine sandy soil (loamy, mixed thermic Arenic Hapludalf). Approximately 20 of these micropots were placed in a poly-propylene container (20-cm diam), and maintained at 27 ± 1°C in a thermoregulated water bath. Two seeds were planted in each micropot and were thinned to a single seedling per pot after germination. The seedlings were grown for 4 to 5 d prior to their inoculation with SCN eggs. Each seedling was inoculated with 1200 ± 25 eggs in 5 mL of suspension (distilled water) with an automatic pipetter (Rao-Arelli et al., 1991).

Approximately 30 d after inoculation, plant roots were individually washed with a strong jet of water to dislodge white females and cysts. These were counted under a stereomicroscope, and female index (FI) was calculated for the number of females developing on each line in each replication (Golden et al., 1970). Bioassays were repeated three times for each race.

Data for three tests for each race were combined for ANOVA of female indices by the Statistical Analysis System Software (SAS, 1991) and means were separated with Fisher's LSD based on a significant F test. Ratings of resistant (IP = 0–9%), moderately resistant (IP = 10–30%), moderately susceptible (IP = 31–60%), and susceptible (IP = >60%) used to classify the reaction of accessions were based on Schmitt and Shannon (1992).

	Results and discussion

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
We identified 25 accessions with various levels of resistance to SCN Race 1 in our bioassays (Table 1) . These included seven resistant, six moderately resistant, and 12 moderately susceptible soybean accessions. For Race 2 , 24 soybean accessions were found with various levels of resistance reactions. These included three resistant, 14 moderately resistant, and seven moderately susceptible accessions (Table 1).

PI 494182 was resistant to SCN Races 3, 5, and 14 (Young, 1995) and additionally found to be resistant to Race 1 and moderately resistant to Race 2 (Table 1). PI 467312 that was previously reported to be resistant to SCN Races 3, 5, and 14 (Young, 1995) was found to be moderately susceptible to Race 1 and moderately resistant to Race 2 (Table 1). PI 507354 was resistant to SCN Races 3 and 5 (Young, 1995) and resistant to Race 1 and moderately resistant to Race 2 (Table 1).

The soybean germplasm collection is a valuable reservoir of genes for continued genetic improvement of soybean. It is also an invaluable gene pool resource for pest resistance and genetic studies. We are currently determining the genetic diversity for these soybean lines using microsatellites. Unique types that are not closely related to Peking, PI88788, and PI437654 will be identified and used for developing soybean cultivars with durable resistance to SCN.SAS Institute 1991

	NOTES

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This research was partially supported by USDA-CSRS grant 95-34113-1317. Contribution of the Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Series No. 12,751.

Received for publication September 2, 1999.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 

• Anand S.C., Wrather J.A., Shumway C.R. Soybean genotypes with resistance to races of soybean cyst nematode. Crop Sci. 1985;25:1073-1075.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Buss G.R., Camper H.M., Jr., Roane C.W. Registration of `Hutcheson' Soybean. Crop Sci. 1988;28:1024.[Free Full Text]
• Golden A.M., Epps J.M., Riggs R.D., Duclos L.A., Fox J.A., Bernard R.L. Terminology and identity of infraspecific forms of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Plant Dis. Rep. 1970;54:544-546.
• Hartwig E.E., Epps J.M., Edwards C.J., Jr. Registration of Pickett-71 Soybean. Crop Sci. 1971;11:603.[Free Full Text]
• Nelson, R.L., R.G. Palmer, C.D. Nickell, G.R. Noel, R.C. Shoemaker, and Y.W. Chen. 1994. Genetic diversity in soybean germplasm from central China. p. 221. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
• Rao-Arelli A.P., Anand S.C., Myers G.O. Partial dominance of susceptibility in soybean to soybean cyst nematode Races 3, 4, and 5. Crop Sci. 1989;29:1562-1564.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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• Rao-Arelli A.P., Wilcox J.A., Myers O., Jr., Gibson P.T. Soybean germplasm resistant to races 1 and 2 of Heterodera glycines. Crop Sci. 1997;37:1367-1369.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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• SAS Institute, Inc. SAS/STAT user's guide, release 6.10 ed. Cary, NC: SAS Inst, 1991.
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