HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (13) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Guttieri, M. J. Articles by Souza, E. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Guttieri, M. J. Articles by Souza, E. Agricola Articles by Guttieri, M. J. Articles by Souza, E.

CROP BREEDING, GENETICS & CYTOLOGY

End-Use Quality of Six Hard Red Spring Wheat Cultivars at Different Irrigation Levels

Univ. of Idaho, Aberdeen Research and Exten. Ctr, P.O. Box AA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA

esouza{at}uidaho.edu

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Moisture stress is an environmental factor that may influence end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of moisture stress on end-use quality of hard red spring wheat cultivars differing in adaptation to moisture stress. Six hard red spring wheat cultivars were grown in 1992 and 1993 near Aberdeen, ID under a line-source irrigation system used to apply differential amounts of water during the period from tillering through anthesis. Protein content, flour yield, dough rheological properties, and breadmaking quality of grain were evaluated across differential levels of moisture stress. Cultivar effects accounted for more variation in end-use quality than cultivar x irrigation interactions. Cultivars differed in magnitude of end-use quality response to moisture stress applied through anthesis, which changed cultivar rankings for flour protein, flour yield, mixograph peak height, mixograph tolerance, mixing time, and loaf volume. Differences in the relationship of loaf volume to protein were observed among cultivars. Identification of cultivars with stable end-use quality requires evaluation across a range of protein contents, which are produced by differential soil moisture availability.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
MANY QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS are important for the utilization of hard red spring wheat, particularly flour extraction (milling yield), flour protein concentration, dough handling characteristics (rheological properties), and breadmaking properties (Finney et al., 1987). These characteristics usually are influenced by cultivar and interactions of cultivar and environment (Busch et al., 1969; McGuire and McNeal, 1974; Baenziger et al., 1985; Lukow and McVetty, 1991; Peterson et al., 1992). However, magnitudes of the interaction effects often are small compared with cultivar main effects. Among hard-endosperm wheat, protein amount and composition are primary determinants of flour functionality. At the biochemical level, composition of flour protein depends primarily on genotype, but significant interactions with production environment have been observed (Graybosch et al., 1996). Both genotype and environment, and their interaction, affect the relationship of flour protein composition to loaf volume (Huebner et al., 1997).

Temperature and fertilization contribute to the environmental effects on end-use quality. Temperature effects, particularly high temperatures during grain filling, can significantly elevate protein content while lowering the functionality of protein, ultimately changing the rheological properties of flour (Corbellini et al., 1997). Cultivars differ significantly in the response of end-use quality to the detrimental effects of heat stress (Stone and Nicolas, 1994, 1995). Nitrogen fertilization also strongly influences the quantity of protein in wheat flour. In a detailed study of protein composition of 13 wheat cultivars grown under differential fertilization, Wieser and Seilmeier (1998) found that increased N fertilization decreased the proportion of hydrophobic proteins (-gliadins, LMW subunits of glutenin) and increased the proportions of hydrophilic proteins (-gliadins, HMW glutenins). The effect of fertilization on protein content and composition varied significantly with wheat cultivar.

Soil moisture is an important environmental factor affecting agronomic performance of wheat cultivars (Gusta and Chen, 1987); however, the effects of moisture stress applied between tillering and anthesis on end-use quality traits are relatively uncharacterized. One approach to studying differential moisture effects in an otherwise uniform production environment is to use a line-source sprinkler system to apply varying levels of irrigation water. Cultivars can be planted at right angles to the irrigation treatment gradient to assess the interaction of irrigation level with treatment (Hanks et al., 1976).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cultivar x irrigation management interaction effects on milling, physiochemical, and baking quality properties of six hard red spring wheat cultivars representing a range of agronomic adaptation and end-use quality characteristics. Different irrigation regimes applied by a line-source sprinkler system established different environments for assessment of the relative stability of end-use quality traits.

	Materials and methods

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Grain Production
Field studies were conducted at the University of Idaho Aberdeen Research and Extension Center near Aberdeen, ID in 1992 and 1993. The studies included six hard red spring wheat cultivars that varied in height, end-use quality, and moisture stress tolerance: `Amidon', `Bannock', `Pondera', `Rick', `Vandal', and `Yecora Rojo'. Cultivars were planted 13 May 1992 and 10 May 1993 in a Declo silt loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic Calciorthid). Wheat was seeded at 85 to 90 kg ha^-1 in rows spaced 18 cm apart. Experimental areas received a broadcast application of 110 kg ha^-1 N as NH₄NO₃ prior to planting. Soil test data indicated sufficiency of all other nutrients. Prior to initiation of differential irrigation treatments, the experimental area received uniform irrigation sufficient to maintain a minimum available soil moisture content of 50% in the root zone.

A line-source sprinkler irrigation system (Hanks et al., 1976) was used to impose irrigation treatments (well-watered, moderately stressed, and severely stressed). Strips of the six cultivars (21 rows, 3.7 m wide and 30.5 m long) were planted at a right angle to the sprinkler line. The experimental design was a modified split plot design, with six replications. Differential water application was initiated at the beginning of the tillering stage and continued with all irrigations until the completion of anthesis. After completion of anthesis, all plots received the same amount of irrigation, equivalent to estimated evapotranspiration, for the remainder of the growing season.

Irrigation was scheduled to fully meet water requirements of wheat in the well-watered treatments by maintaining available soil moisture content in the top 60 cm of the root zone above 50%. Daily crop water use was estimated using the modified Penman equation (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977). Frequency of irrigation depended on the amount of precipitation, daily crop water use, and the rate of soil water extraction. Catch cans were placed 60 cm above the ground in the center of each irrigation strip to measure the amount of water applied. Precipitation and other weather data were obtained from the weather station at the Aberdeen Research and Extension Center. The amount of water applied (precipitation plus irrigation) to severely stressed treatments was 197 and 286 mm in 1992 and 1993, respectively. The amount of water applied to moderately stressed treatments was 319 and 403 mm in 1992 and 1993, respectively, and the amount of water applied to well-watered treatments was 363 and 439 mm in 1992 and 1993, respectively.

Plots were harvested with a small-plot combine at maturity in mid September in both years. Prior to harvest, 0.9 m from each side of each plot and 0.6 m from each end of each plot were discarded. In 1992 and 1993, 3.4 and 4.6 m², respectively, were harvested from the center of each plot.

Milling and Baking Analyses
Grain samples from four replications of the experiment in each year were evaluated for milling and baking quality. Milling and baking evaluations were conducted at the University of Idaho, Aberdeen quality laboratory. Methods for tempering (American Association of Cereal Chemists, 1995; methods 44-11 and 26-10), milling (method 26-21), measuring flour yield, mixograph analyses (method 54-40), and bread baking (method 10-10B) were as described in Souza et al. (1993) and were in accordance with those described by the American Association of Cereal Chemists (1995). Flour protein per kernel was calculated using yield component data (Ahmad, 1994).

Data Analyses
Data were subjected to analysis of variance using PROC MIXED (SAS Institute, 1997). Cultivar and irrigation effects, and the cultivar x irrigation interaction, were considered fixed effects. Year, replications within year, cultivar x replications within year, and irrigation x replications within year were random effects. The R matrix in the mixed model was specified with the options subject = cultivar x replications within year and the covariance structure of R as banded Toeplitz (SAS Institute, 1997, p. 690–695). Denominator degrees of freedom were calculated using Satterthwaite's approximation. Because irrigation levels were not randomly imposed but were systematically arranged, the experiment did not permit valid estimation of irrigation effects (Hanks et al., 1980). Specific treatment comparisons noted in the text were tested with the ESTIMATE function in PROC MIXED.

	Results and discussion

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
The 1992 growing season was unusually dry and drier than the 1993 growing season. From May to August, total precipitation was 40 mm in 1992 and 179 mm in 1993. Mean maximum temperatures in 1992 and 1993 were 27.5 and 23.3°C, respectively. Cumulative evapotranspiration and precipitation from 15 May to 15 July of each year are illustrated in Fig. 1 . The 1992 growing season provided greater opportunity to observe effects of moisture deficit on end-use quality than the 1993 growing season. Average grain yield was 2570 kg ha^-1 (42%) less in 1992 than in 1993 (Table 1) . In 1992, wheat yields with moderate and severe moisture stress were reduced an average of 23 and 46%, respectively, relative to the well-watered treatment. However, under the cooler, wetter conditions of 1993, wheat yields with moderate and severe moisture stress were reduced an average of only 5 and 21%, respectively, relative to the well-watered treatment.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Estimated crop water usage and precipitation in 1992 and 1993 from 15 May to 15 July, as recorded by the United States Bureau of Reclamation AgriMet Data Archives from a weather station located at the Aberdeen Research and Extension Center

Dough mixing time of Pondera and Vandal flours increased with moisture stress. However, dough mixing time of flours from other cultivars was not significantly affected by moisture stress (Tables 3 and 4). Rheological properties of flour depend both on protein content and on protein composition (Khatkar and Schofield, 1997). Changes in rheological properties of flour from a given cultivar in response to irrigation suggest changes in protein composition as well as content. As the irrigation stress was applied prior to grain filling, changes in composition and content may be a consequence of preconditioning of plants to moisture stress.

Cultivar responses in loaf volume to moisture stress generally were similar to those for flour protein. The ratio of loaf volume to flour protein varied with cultivar, but was not significantly affected by the cultivar x irrigation interaction (Table 2). Significant differences in the relationship of loaf volume to protein were observed among cultivars. Loaf volume/protein ratios of Amidon, Vandal, Bannock, Yecora, Pondera, and Rick averaged 6.6, 7.2, 7.6, 7.8, 8.0, and 8.2 mL (g kg^-1 flour protein)^-1, respectively, with a standard error of 0.3 mL (g kg^-1 flour protein)^-1. Cultivar x irrigation interaction effects on the loaf volume/protein ratio were nonsignificant (Table 2). Therefore direct selection among lines for the protein/loaf volume ratio should successfully identify improved cultivars. The line-source irrigation simultaneously produced grain with varying flour protein contents under equivalent fertility. The relative functionality of protein of cultivars in a bread bake can be assessed using a range of irrigation management regimes that can be optimized for other objectives, such as yield optimization, rather than quality evaluation.

The relative F values of cultivar effects and cultivar x irrigation effects for each trait suggest specific selection strategies. Traits such as time to mixograph peak and the loaf volume/protein ratio have large cultivar F values and nonsignificant cultivar x irrigation interaction effects. Such traits can be selected early in a testing program when genotypes are evaluated in one or a few environments. In contrast, traits such as grain protein, flour yield, and loaf volume have significant cultivar x irrigation F values and require multi-site or multiple irrigation level evaluations for successful cultivar selection. Historical data supports the difficulty of selecting for these key quality attributes. In a historical set (released from 1911 to 1990) of Pacific Northwest U.S. hard red spring wheats produced under irrigation, Souza et al. (1993) found significant improvements in mixing time, dough type, bake absorption, protein-corrected loaf volume, and interior loaf texture. All of these traits had nonsignificant cultivar x irrigation interactions in the current study. Protein content, flour yield, and loaf volume were not significantly improved with selection through time in the historical cultivar set. These traits had significant cultivar x irrigation interaction effects in the current study. Cultivar selection under different irrigation regimes may facilitate long-term improvement in these traits as one selection strategy that consciously incorporates the effects of genotype x irrigation interaction.

Differential irrigation management may provide a valuable tool to evaluate hard red spring wheat quality at a range of protein contents. The economic value for milling and manufacturing industries using hard red grain derives from protein content. Higher grain prices for high protein content grain reflect the anticipated improvement in baking characteristics as protein contents increase. Breeding programs typically seek to select for yield in high yield environments because the full expression of genetic variation improves gain from selection. Yet, such high-yield environments, as in the case of the 1993 trial or the well-watered treatments in 1992, tend to be low protein environments with poor expression of genetic variation for some quality traits. Identification of wheats with value to grain producers and end-users requires evaluation at a range of protein contents, and particularly at high protein contents. Differential irrigation management produces wheats at a range of protein contents for evaluation by breeding programs.

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Univ, of Idaho Agric. Exp. Stn.. manuscript no. 99705.

Received for publication March 31, 1999.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 

• Ahmad, R. 1994. Physiological and developmental characteristics of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes differing in drought tolerance. Ph.D. diss. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow (Diss. abstr. 9517686).
• American Association of Cereal Chemists. Approved methods of the AACC, 9th ed St. Paul, MN: AACC, 1995.
• Baenziger P.S., Clements R.L., McIntosh M.S., Yamazaki W.T., Starling T.M., Sammons D.J., Johnson J.W. Effect of cultivar, environment and their interaction and stability analyses on milling and baking quality of soft red winter wheat. Crop Sci. 1985;22:5-8.
• Busch R.H., Shuey W.C., Frohberg R.C. Response of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to environments in relation to six quality characteristics. Crop Sci. 1969;9:813-817.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Corbellini M., Canevar M.G., Mazza L., Ciafffi M., Lafiandra D., Borghi B. Effect of the duration and intensity of heat shock during grain filling on dry matter and protein accumulation, technological quality, and protein composition in bread and durum wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1997;24:245-260.
• Doorenbos J., Pruitt W.O. Guideline for predicting crop water requirements. FAO Irrig. Drain. Paper 24. Rome: FAO, 1977.
• Finney K.F., Yamazaki W.T., Youngs V.L., Rubenthaler G.L. Quality of hard, soft, and durum wheats. In: Heyne E.G., ed. Wheat and wheat improvement. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 13. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, 1987:677-748.
• Graybosch R.A., Peterson C.J., Shelton D.R., Baenziger P.S. Genotypic and environmental modification of wheat flour protein composition in relation to end use quality. Crop Sci. 1996;36:296-300.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Gusta L.V., Chen T.H.H. The physiology of water and temperature stress. In: Heyne E.G., ed. Wheat and wheat improvement. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 13. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, 1987:115-150.
• Hanks R.J., Disson D.V., Hurst R.L., Hubbard K.G. Statistical analysis of results from irrigation experiments using the line-source sprinkler system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1980;44:886-888.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Hanks R.J., Keller J., Rasmussen V.P., Wilson G.D. Line source sprinkler for continuous variable irrigation–crop production studies. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1976;40:426-429.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Huebner F.R., Nelsen T.C., Chung O.K., Bietz J.A. Protein distributions among hard red winter wheat varieties as related to environment and baking quality. Cereal Chem. 1997;74:123-128.
• Khatkar B.S., Schofield J.D. Molecular and physico-chemical basis of breadmaking properties of wheat gluten proteins: A critical approach. J. Food Sci. Technol. 1997;34:85-102.
• Lukow O.M., McVetty P.B.E. Effect of cultivar and environment on quality characteristics of spring wheat. Cereal Chem. 1991;68:597-601.
• McGuire C.F., McNeal F.H. Quality response of 10 hard red spring wheat cultivars to 25 environments. Crop Sci. 1974;14:175-180.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Peterson C.J., Graybosch R.A., Baenziger P.S., Grombacher A.W. Genotype and environment effects on quality characteristics of hard red winter wheat. Crop Sci. 1992;32:98-103.
• SAS Institute. SAS/STAT software: Changes and enhancements through release 6.12. Cary, NC: SAS Inst, 1997.
• Souza E.J., Tyler J.M., Kephart K.D., Kruk M. Genetic improvement in milling and baking quality of hard red spring wheat cultivars. Cereal Chem. 1993;70:280-285.
• Stone P.J., Nicolas M.E. Wheat cultivars vary widely in their responses of grain yield and quality to short periods of post-anthesis heat stress. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1994;22:927-934.
• Stone P.J., Nicolas M.E. A survey of the effects of high temperature during grain filling on yield and quality of 75 wheat cultivars. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 1995;46:475-492.
• Wieser H., Seilmeier W. The influence of nitrogen fertilization on quantities and proportions of different protein types in wheat flour. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1998;76:49-55.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Saint Pierre, C. J. Peterson, A. S. Ross, J.-B. Ohm, M. C. Verhoeven, M. Larson, and B. Hoefer White Wheat Grain Quality Changes with Genotype, Nitrogen Fertilization, and Water Stress Agron. J., February 29, 2008; 100(2): 414 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Guttieri, R. McLean, J. C. Stark, and E. Souza Managing Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertility of Hard Spring Wheats for Optimum Bread and Noodle Quality Crop Sci., August 26, 2005; 45(5): 2049 - 2059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Guttieri and E. Souza Sources of Variation in the Solvent Retention Capacity Test of Wheat Flour Crop Sci., September 1, 2003; 43(5): 1628 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. N. Martin, B. F. Carver, R. M. Hunger, and T. S. Cox Contributions of Leaf Rust Resistance and Awns to Agronomic and Grain Quality Performance in Winter Wheat Crop Sci., September 1, 2003; 43(5): 1712 - 1717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Triboi, P. Martre, and A.-M. Triboi-Blondel Environmentally-induced changes in protein composition in developing grains of wheat are related to changes in total protein content J. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2003; 54(388): 1731 - 1742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. H. Khalil, B. F. Carver, E. G. Krenzer, C. T. MacKown, G. W. Horn, and P. Rayas-Duarte Genetic Trends in Winter Wheat Grain Quality with Dual-Purpose and Grain-Only Management Systems Crop Sci., July 1, 2002; 42(4): 1112 - 1116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Guttieri, J. C. Stark, K. O'Brien, and E. Souza Relative Sensitivity of Spring Wheat Grain Yield and Quality Parameters to Moisture Deficit Crop Sci., March 1, 2001; 41(2): 327 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (13) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Guttieri, M. J. Articles by Souza, E. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Guttieri, M. J. Articles by Souza, E. Agricola Articles by Guttieri, M. J. Articles by Souza, E.