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Evaluating Potential Genetic Gains in Wheat Associated with Stress-Adaptive Trait Expression in Elite Genetic Resources under Drought and Heat Stress

^a CIMMYT, Int. Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 México, D.F., Mexico; A.S.I. Saad, ARC, Wad Medani, Sudan
^b CSIRO, Plant Industry, GPO 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia. M.P. Reynolds secondary address: ACPFG, Adelaide, Australia

View larger version (67K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Conceptual models for (a) traits associated with adaptation to moisture-stressed environments grouped according to main drivers of yield under drought (yield = water uptake [WU] x water use efficiency [WUE] x harvest index [HI] as defined by Passioura, 1977); (b) generic traits associated with adaptation to moisture-stressed and/or hot, irrigated environments (adapted from Reynolds and Trethowan, 2007) grouped according to main drivers of yield without water limitation (yield = light interception [LI] x radiation use efficiency [RUE] x harvest index [HI]).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Principal component analysis of performance and drought adaptive traits associated with harvest index (.....), water capture (- - -), and water use efficiency (—) for 24 wheat genetic resource lines grown under drought, northwest Mexico, 2004 to 2006. ANT, days to anthesis from emergence; BM, dry aboveground biomass at maturity; BMA, biomass shortly after anthesis; CHL, flag leaf chlorophyll shortly after anthesis; CHO, soluble carbohydrate content of stems shortly after anthesis; CID, carbon isotope discrimination of well-watered leaves; CTV/CTG, canopy temperature during vegetative and grainfilling stages; HI, harvest index; NDVI, normalized difference vegetative index (used to estimate relative biomass before heading); RARSc, ratio analysis of reflectance spectra to estimate carotenoid pigments in the canopy; WU, apparent water use based on gravimetric soil measurement; WUE, water use efficiency; YLD, yield.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Principal component analysis of performance and heat-adaptive traits associated with harvest index (.....), light interception (- - -), and radiation use efficiency (—) for 25 wheat genetic resource lines grown under hot, irrigated conditions, northwest Mexico, 2003 to 2006. ANT, days to anthesis from emergence; BM, dry aboveground biomass at maturity; BMA, biomass shortly after anthesis; CHL, flag leaf chlorophyll shortly after anthesis; CHO, soluble carbohydrate content of stems shortly after anthesis; COND, stomatal conductance (flag leaves shortly after anthesis); CTV/CTG, canopy temperature during vegetative and grainfilling stages; HI, harvest index; NDVI, normalized difference vegetative index (used to estimate relative biomass before heading); WI, water index (spectral reflectance index associated with water content of the canopy); YLD, yield.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Principal component analysis of performance and stress-adaptive traits for 23 wheat genetic resource lines grown under drought (uppercase) and hot, irrigated conditions (lowercase), northwest Mexico, 2003 to 2006. ANT, days to anthesis from emergence; BM, dry aboveground biomass at maturity; BMA, biomass shortly after anthesis; CHL, flag leaf chlorophyll shortly after anthesis; CHO, soluble carbohydrate content of stems shortly after anthesis; CTV/CTG, canopy temperature during vegetative and grainfilling stages; HI, harvest index; NDVI, normalized difference vegetative index (used to estimate relative biomass before heading); YLD, yield.