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Latitudinal and Longitudinal Adaptation of Switchgrass Populations

^a USDA-ARS, U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center, 1925 Linden Dr. West, Madison, WI 53706-1108
^b USDA-ARS, Univ. of Nebraska–East Campus, P.O. Box 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937
^c Dep. of Plant & Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078-6028
^d Dep. of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, 1991 Buford Cir., St. Paul, MN 55108-6026
^e USDA-ARS, Northern Great Plains Res. Ctr., P.O. Box 459, Mandan, ND 58544
^f Crop and Soil Sciences Dep., Univ. of Georgia, 111 Riverbend Dr., Athens, GA 30602
^g Division of Plant Sciences, 108 Waters Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
^h Dep. of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas, 1366 W. Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR 72704-6898

View larger version (44K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Plant Adaptation Region map for the central USA, showing the location of 12 test sites and the origin of six switchgrass populations. Plant Adaptation Regions (Vogel et al., 2005) are defined by a combination of Ecoregion provinces (Bailey, 1997; 1998) and USDA plant hardiness zones, HZ (Cathey, 1990). Ecoregion province names are as follows: 212 = Laurentian Mixed Forest; 222 = Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Continental); 231 = Southern Mixed Forest; 234 = Lower Mississippi Riverine Forest; M222 = Ozark Broadleaf Forest-Meadow; M231 = Ouachita Mixed Forest-Meadow; M234 = Black Hills Coniferous Forest; 251 = Prairie Parkland (Temperate); 255 = Prairie Parkland (Subtropical); 311 = Great Plains Steppe and Shrub; 315 = Southwest Plateau and Plains Dry Steppe and Shrub; 331 = Great Plains and Palouse Dry Steppe; and 332 = Great Plains Steppe. Lines connecting Sunburst, Pathfinder, and Blackwell indicate the north–south transect in the Prairie Parkland ecoregion. Lines connecting WS-SB, WS-IP, and Cave-in-Rock indicate the north–south transect in the Eastern Forest ecoregion. Lines connecting Sunburst with WS-IP and Blackwell with Cave-in-Rock indicate the east–west comparison of Prairie Parkland vs. Eastern Forest ecoregions.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Ground cover, approximately 40 mo after establishment, of six switchgrass populations that form two north–south transects, one through the historical Prairie Parkland ecoregion and one through the historical Eastern Forest ecoregion of the USA. Origins and transects of the six populations are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. Linear regression coefficients are shown in Table 6.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Mean heading date or dry matter concentration of individual populations at 12 evaluation locations, regressed on location longitude. Population means were scaled by subtraction of the location mean to eliminate the main effect of evaluation locations. All displayed regressions were significant at P < 0.05; the remaining 18 regressions were not significant (out of 24 total regressions for six populations x four variables).

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Mean dry matter concentration or ground cover of individual populations at 12 evaluation locations, regressed on location latitude. Population means were scaled by subtraction of the location mean to eliminate the main effect of evaluation locations. All displayed regressions were significant at P < 0.05; the remaining 20 regressions were not significant (out of 24 total regressions for six populations x four variables).