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Effects of a Biostimulant on the Heat Tolerance Associated with Photosynthetic Capacity, Membrane Thermostability, and Polyphenol Production of Perennial Ryegrass

^a Turfgrass Management, Inc. 932 McCormick Ave., State College, PA 16801
^b Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, the Pennsylvania State Univ., 116 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802
^c P.O. Box 350, Crystal Beach, FL 34681

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Perennial ryegrass photochemical efficiency after exposure to 20, 28, or 36°C and treatment with FOLIAR, FOLIAR + a nutrient solution (NS), a nutrient solution and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (NS + N), and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (N) Means for a single temperature regime followed by a different letter are significantly different using Tukey's HSD.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Perennial ryegrass photochemical efficiency over time of after exposure to 36°C and treatment with FOLIAR, FOLIAR + a nutrient solution (NS), a nutrient solution and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (NS + N), and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (N) Means of treatments FOLIAR and FOLIAR +NS vs. NS+N and N are significantly different using orthogonal contrast (P 0.05). Means of treatment FOLIAR+NS vs. NS+N significantly different using orthogonal contrast (P 0.05).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Subjective overall quality ratings (1–9 scale) of perennial ryegrass over time after exposure to 20, 28, or 36°C and treatment with FOLIAR, FOLIAR + a nutrient solution (NS), a nutrient solution and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (NS + N), and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (N). Means for a single temperature regime followed by a different letter are significantly different using Tukey's HSD. Means of treatment FOLIAR+NS vs. NS+N significantly different using orthogonal contrast (P 0.05).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Perennial ryegrass leaf electrolyte leakage (%) after exposure to 20, 28, or 36°C and treatment with FOLIAR, FOLIAR + a nutrient solution (NS), a nutrient solution and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (NS + N), and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (N) Means for a single temperature regime followed by a different letter are significantly different using Tukey's HSD.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Perennial ryegrass leaf polyphenol concentration after exposure to 20, 28, or 36°C and treatment with FOLIAR, FOLIAR + a nutrient solution (NS), a nutrient solution and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (NS + N), and an equivalent amount of N in FOLIAR (N) Means of FOLIAR vs. non-FOLIAR treated turf significantly different using orthogonal contrast (P 0.05) P = 0.0432.