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Maize Stem Tissues

Cell Wall Concentration and Composition during Development

^a USDA-ARS Plant Science Res. Unit and U.S. Dairy Forage Res. Center Cluster, Univ. of Minnesota, Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108
^b USDA-ARS U.S. Dairy Forage Res., 1925 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Length (a) and cross-sectional area (b) of the fourth elongated internode above ground level for three maize hybrids (632, 679, and 2677), sampled on 10 dates during development, averaged across years. The arrow located between Sampling Dates 5 and 6 represents the approximate time when elongation of the internodes ceased. LSD, least significant difference (P < 0.05).

View larger version (76K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. A partial overview of a cross-section from the fourth elongated internode above ground level of maize hybrid 632 sampled at full maturity (Sampling Date 10). The image was made by combining two adjacent microscopic fields of view. The double-ended arrow marks the approximate width of the rind region, as determined by visual appraisal, based on the typical sclerenchyma thickening around vascular bundles and thickening of parenchyma cell walls in the rind. Bar = 500 µm, par = parenchyma, scl = sclerenchyma.

View larger version (106K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Micrographs of maize stem cross-sections from the fourth elongated internode above ground level showing anatomical development at Sampling Dates 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 of rind (a through e, respectively) and pith (f through j, respectively) tissues during internode development of hybrid 679. All micrographs are for internodes collected from the same field replicate block in 1998. Sections were stained for the presence of lignin using phloroglucinol, which is evident as darker cell walls in these gray-scale images. Bar = 100 µm, epi = epidermis, mx = metaxylem, par = parenchyma, phl = phloem, px = protoxylem, scl = sclerenchyma.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Cell wall and Klason lignin concentrations (a) and cell wall concentrations of glucose (G), xylose (X), arabinose (A), and uronic acid (U) residues from cell wall polysaccharides (b) of the fourth elongated internode above ground level. Data were averaged across three maize hybrids and 2 yr, sampled on 10 dates during development. The arrow located between Sampling Dates 5 and 6 represents the approximate time when elongation of the internodes ceased. LSD, least significant difference (P < 0.05).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentrations of ester- and ether-linked ferulates (a) and molar ratios of arabinose-to-xylose (Ara:Xyl) and total ferulates-to-arabinose (FA:Ara) (b) in the cell wall of the fourth elongated internode above ground level. Data were averaged across three maize hybrids and 2 yr, sampled on 10 dates during development. The arrow located between Sampling Dates 5 and 6 represents the approximate time when elongation of the internodes ceased. LSD, least significant difference (P < 0.05).

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Mean ratio of syringyl-to-guaiacyl monolignol units (S/G) in lignin and concentration of p-coumarate (PCA) esters in the cell wall of the fourth elongated internode above ground level. Data were averaged across three maize hybrids and 2 yr, sampled on 10 dates during development. The arrow located between Sampling Dates 5 and 6 represents the approximate time when elongation of the internodes ceased. LSD, least significant difference (P < 0.05).