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Atmospheric Composition under Impermeable Winter Golf Green Protections

^a Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga Boulevard, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 2J3
^b Royal Canadian Golf Association, Golf House, 1333 Dorval Drive Suite 1, Oakville, Ontario, Canada, L6M 4X7; Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4
^c Centre de recherche en horticulture, Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4

View larger version (49K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (a) Air temperature and snow cover (shaded area) at the Québec Jean-Lesage International airport. Vertical bars indicate measured values of snow cover at the Royal Québec experimental golf green. (b) Crown-level soil temperature in an unprotected control (CTL) and under winter protective covers: a commercial impermeable cover on top of either curled wood shavings mat (CW-CC), 15 cm of straw mulch (SM-CC) or a felt material (FM-CC), a clear polyethylene cover on top of a curled wood shavings mat (CW-PC) at the Royal Québec experimental golf green.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (a) Air temperature and snow cover (shaded area) at the Montréal Pierre-Elliot Trudeau International airport. Vertical bars indicate measured values of snow cover at the Royal Montréal experimental golf green. (b) Crown-level soil temperature in an unprotected control (CTL) and under winter protective covers: a commercial impermeable cover on top of either curled wood shavings mat (CW-CC), 15 cm of straw mulch (SM-CC) or a felt material (FM-CC), a clear polyethylene cover on top of a curled wood shavings mat (CW-PC) at the Royal Montréal experimental golf green.

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Oxygen (a) and CO2 (b) concentrations in an unprotected control (CTL) and under winter protective covers: a commercial impermeable cover on top of either curled wood shavings mat (CW-CC), 15 cm of straw mulch (SM-CC) or a felt material (FM-CC), a clear polyethylene cover on top of a curled wood shavings mat (CW-PC) at the Royal Québec experimental golf green.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Oxygen (a) and CO2 (b) concentrations in an unprotected control (CTL) and under winter protective covers: a commercial impermeable cover on top of either curled wood shavings mat (CW-CC), 15 cm of straw mulch (SM-CC) or a felt material (FM-CC), a clear polyethylene cover on top of a curled wood shavings mat (CW-PC) at the Royal Montréal experimental golf green.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Nitrous oxide concentrations in an unprotected control (CTL) and under winter protective covers: a commercial impermeable cover on top of either curled wood shavings mat (CW-CC), 15 cm of straw mulch (SM-CC) or a felt material (FM-CC), a clear polyethylene cover on top of a curled wood shavings mat (CW-PC) at the Royal Québec (a) and Royal Montréal (b) experimental golf greens.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Oxygen and CO2 (a) and N2O (b) concentrations under 15 cm of straw mulch covered by an impermeable commercial cover (SM-CC) installed on a green with a history of no winter damage (ND) and another green with history of recurrent damage (RD) at the Royal Québec golf club.

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Soil respiration rate and organic C content of five sand-based USGA and five native soil golf greens from the Royal Montréal golf club. Top soil mix (U-TS) used to build the USGA golf greens was also included as a comparison. Mean organic C content and respiration rates were significantly different (P < 0.001) between USGA-based and native soils.