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Isolation of Maize from Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow by Time and Distance

^a Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132
^b Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO 63167
^c Monsanto Company, Coalinga, CA 93210
^d Qualls Ag Labs, Ephrata, WA 98823
^e Chesterfield, MO 63017

View larger version (58K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Experimental design and results for California. (A) Experimental design. Source plot was 1.2 ha (15 m x 750 m), bordered with male-sterile maize 18 m wide on the south. Four replications of receptor plots were planted at each distance and time from the source plot (T1–T5 in the figure). (B) In 2001, receptor plots were planted at 1- and 2-wk intervals from the source plot. Approximately 9.3 million kernels were evaluated. (C) In 2002, receptor plots were planted at 2- and 3-wk intervals from the source plot. 17.5 million kernels were evaluated. Total xenia kernels from all replicates are shown.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Daily wind during pollen shed in California. The vertical axis shows wind direction (blowing toward), averaged over 15-min increments. The horizontal axis is local time. Wind during peak pollen shed is shown for 2001 and 2002. Data for the morning of 31 July 2002 is missing due to instrument malfunction.

View larger version (40K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Experimental design and results for Washington, 2001. (A) Experimental design. Source plot was 0.4 ha (32 by 136 m), surrounded by a border of male-sterile maize 18 m wide. Receptor plots were planted at weekly intervals after the source plot. (B) Total xenia kernels from all replicates of the receptor plots at each planting interval are shown. Approximately 17.7 million kernels were evaluated.

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Daily wind in Washington, 2001. The vertical axis shows wind direction (blowing toward), averaged over 15-min increments. The horizontal axis is local time. Period shown is for flowering of the 0-wk receptors, through peak pollen shed.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Experimental design and results for Washington, 2002. (A) Experimental design. Source plot was 0.6 ha, surrounded by a border of male-sterile maize 18 m wide. Receptor plots were planted at a 3-wk interval before or after the source plot. (B) Total xenia kernels from all replicates of the receptor plots at each planting interval are shown. Approximately 12.0 million kernels were evaluated.

View larger version (27K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Daily wind during pollen shed in Washington, 2002. The vertical axis shows wind direction (blowing toward), averaged over 15-min increments. The horizontal axis is local time. Period shown is for peak pollen shed.