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Latitudinal and Longitudinal Adaptation of Smooth Bromegrass Populations

^a Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597
^b USDA/ARS, Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583
^c Div. of Plant and Soil Sci., West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV 26506-6108
^d USDA/ARS, Northern Great Plains Res. Lab., Mandan, ND 58544
^e Dep. of Crop Sci., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
^f Dep. of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853-1902
^g Dep. of Agronomy, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506-5501

View larger version (25K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Albers equal-area projection of a portion of the USA, showing seven locations used to evaluate 29 smooth bromegrass populations.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Cluster dendrogram of 29 smooth bromegrass populations clustered on G+GL deviation pseudovariables to explain 90% of the total phenotypic variation within the four pseudovariables. Clusters contained the following populations: (A) Badger, Rebound, Sac, Saratoga, Lincoln-HDMD-C3, PL-BDR1, WB10-hDS, and WB10-lN; (B) Lancaster and NE-BI-2; (C) Carlton, Magna, Signal, and WB10-hD; (D) Manchar; (E) PIs 538859, 538862, and 538863; (F) Barton, Beacon, Lincoln, Lincoln-HDMDYD-C3, NE-BI-1, and WB20e; (G) WB19e; and (H) Alpha, Lyon, Radisson, and York.

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Multidimensional scale plot of the first two principal components of the four geographic pseudovariables. Letters A–H are cluster identifications (Fig. 2 and Table 3). Crosses indicate populations of moderate adaptation, closed symbols indicate populations largely unadapted across the entire region, and open symbols indicate populations highly adapted to the entire region or a part thereof.