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Adaptations of Endophyte-Infected Cool-Season Grasses to Environmental Stresses

Mechanisms of Drought and Mineral Stress Tolerance

^a Texas A&M Univ., Texas Agric. Exp. Stn., P.O.B. 1658, Vernon, TX 76385 USA
^b USDA-ARS, Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, 1224 Airport Rd., Beaver, WV 25813 USA

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Relative yield total (RYT) of red clover and endophyte-infected (E+) and noninfected (E-) tall fescue genotypes DN2 and DN11 grown in binary mixtures. When endophyte-infected, the concentration of loline alkaloids in roots of DN2 was twice that of DN11, indicating a possible allelopathic effects on red clover. Adapted from Malinowski et al. (1999a)

View larger version (16K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2 Root and shoot DM of endophyte-infected (E+) and noninfected (E-) tall fescue (averaged over four genotypes) as a function of soil P availability. Adapted from Malinowski et al. (1998b)

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3 Concentrations of P, Mg, and Ca in roots and shoots of endophyte-infected (E+) and noninfected (E-) tall fescue (averaged over four genotypes) as a function of soil P availability. Adapted from Malinowski et al. (1998b)

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4 Root DM of tall fescue genotypes DN2 and DN4 grown in a P-deficient soil supplied with phosphate rock (PR) and in vitro P solubility (from PR) by tall fescue root exudates in response to infection with the leaf fungal endophyte, N. coenophialum (E-, noninfected; E+, infected). Adapted from Malinowski and Belesky (1999a)

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5 Root diameter and root hair length of tall fescue (averaged over genotypes DN2 and DN4) grown in P-deficient and P-sufficient nutrient solution as a function of endophyte infection (E-, noninfected; E+, infected). Adapted from Malinowski et al. (1999b)

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6 Fe3+ reducing activity of exudates from intact roots of tall fescue (averaged over genotypes DN2, DN4, DN7, and DN11) in response to endophyte infection (E-, noninfected; E+, infected) and P availability in the growth medium during a 24-h measurement cycle. Adapted from Malinowski et al. (1998a)

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7 Concentrations of water soluble (W) and ethanol:water (50:50 v/v) soluble phenolic compounds (EW) in roots and shoots of endophyte-infected (E+) and noninfected (E-) tall fescue (averaged over genotypes DN2, DN4, DN7, and DN11) as a function of P availability in the growth medium. Adapted from Malinowski et al. (1998a)

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8 Relationship between root DM and amount of Al desorbed from root surfaces of tall fescue (averaged over genotypes DN2 and DN4) as a function of endophyte infection (E-, noninfected; E+, infected). Adapted from Malinowski and Belesky (1999b)