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FORAGE & GRAZING LANDS

Nitrogen Removal by Orchardgrass and Smooth Bromegrass and Residual Soil Nitrate

^a USDA-ARS, National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA 50011-4420
^b Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011-1010

^* Corresponding author (singer{at}nstl.gov)

Nitrogen removal by cool-season grasses may aid in capturing excess N from animal confinement operations or phytoremediation. Limited information exists on the N dynamics of these grasses near the asymptote of the N response curve. The objectives of this study were to evaluate N removal, residual soil NO₃–N, and apparent N recovery in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) at annual N rates of 224, 448, and 672 kg ha^-1. Species x harvest interactions were observed in both years, but no species x N rate interactions occurred. Orchardgrass removed 352 and 505 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 at the 448 N rate compared with 207 and 371 in smooth bromegrass in 1999 and 2000, respectively. In a dry year, orchardgrass (r² = 0.41) and smooth bromegrass (r² = 0.31) exhibited linear N uptake. In a year with adequate rainfall, a quadratic relationship was observed for orchardgrass (R² = 0.92), while smooth bromegrass had linear uptake (r² = 0.66). Greater N removal was observed in orchardgrass partly because of superior fall growth, when 99 and 82 kg N ha^-1 were removed in 1999 and 2000 at the 448 N rate compared with 23 and 15 kg N ha^-1 in smooth bromegrass. These removal rates accounted for 28 and 16% of the seasonal total in 1999 and 2000 in orchardgrass and 11 and 4% in smooth bromegrass. Orchardgrass N removal exceeded smooth bromegrass in a three-cut system, and this difference was enhanced by utilizing the fall growth period to capture residual soil N.

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