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a Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915
b Dep. of Biology, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
c Pioneer Hi-Bred, 4405 Winsor Court, St. Joseph, MO 64506
d Dep. of Agronomy, Agric. College, GyeongSang National Univ., 900 Gaza-Dong, Chinju City, Geyong-Nam, South Korea, 660-701
e Bio Nebraska, 3820 N W 46, Lincoln, NE 68524
f Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Corresponding author (jspecht1{at}unl.edu)
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield, when regressed on water needed to replenish 0 to 100% seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), generates an estimate of season-specific water-use efficiency (WUE). The impact of unpredictable water deficits might be lessened if high-yielding genotypes had a smaller beta. Our objective was to determine the genetic basis of beta and carbon isotope discrimination (CID), a theorized indicator of transpiration efficiency (TE). A ‘Minsoy’ x ‘Noir 1’ population of 236 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), genotyped at 665 loci, was evaluated in six water treatments (100, 80, 60, 40, 20, and 0% ET) for 2 yr. Water stress was mild in 1994, but high temperatures and no rainfall in 1995 led to a drought so severe that the 100% ET treatment required 41 cm of irrigation. The 1995 yield-to-water regression was highly linear (28 kg ha-1 cm-1). Genotype x water (G x W) interaction was due to genotypic heterogeneity in beta. The CID vs. beta correlation was low (r = 0.26), so selection for better leaf TE may not improve crop WUE. Selection of low beta (less sensitivity to drought) will be difficult, given the yield beta vs. yield correlation (r = 0.71). The major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield beta, yield, and CID were coincident with maturity and/or determinancy QTLs, except for a CID QTL in linkage group U09-C2, but it had no effect on beta. Genetic improvement of soybean yield performance under drought would be better achieved by coupling a high-yield grand mean with a high- (not low-) yield beta.
Abbreviations: beta, linear regression coefficient • CID, carbon isotope discrimination • ET, evapotranspiration • G x W, genotype x water • G x WL, linear portion of G x W • HI, harvest index • LG, linkage group • QTL, quantitative trait locus • RIL, recombinant inbred line • SY, seed yield • T, transpiration • TE, transpiration efficiency • VPD, vapor pressure deficit • WUE, water-use efficiency • 
13C, sample isotopic abundance ratio 13C/12C (expressed as a deviation from the standard ratio)
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