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CROP ECOLOGY, PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT

Growth and Yield Responses of Winter Wheat to Mixtures of Ozone and Carbon Dioxide

^a USDA-ARS Air Quality - Plant Growth and Development Research Unit, 3908 Inwood Road, Raleigh, NC 27603 and Dep. of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC USA
^b USDA-ARS Air Quality - Plant Growth and Development Research Unit, 3908 Inwood Road, Raleigh, NC 27603, and Dep. of Crop Science, North Carolina State Univ. Cooperative Investigations of the USDA-ARS Air Quality Research Unit and the North Carolina State University USA

asheagle{at}unity.ncsu.edu

Ozone (O₃) in the troposphere can cause plant stress, whereas elevated CO₂ generally enhances plant growth. Until recently, few studies have considered whether O₃ can affect plant response to CO₂ or vice versa. We examined these possibilities for soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were grown in 14-L pots and exposed in open-top field chambers to all combinations of three CO₂ and three O₃ treatments. The CO₂ treatments were ambient (approximately 380 µL L^-1), or ambient with CO₂ added for 24 h d^-1 to achieve mean concentrations of approximately 540, or 700 µL L^-1. The O₃ treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), or NF with O₃ added for 12 h d^-1 (NF+). Mean O₃ concentrations in the CF, NF, and NF+ treatments were approximately 27, 45, and 90 nL L^-1. In the first experiment, eight cultivars with widely different genetic backgrounds were tested. `Coker 9835' was relatively resistant to O<sub>3</sub> and `Coker 9904' was relatively sensitive; these cultivars were tested in Exp. 2. Foliar injury caused by O₃ was suppressed by elevated CO₂ in both experiments. In Exp. 1, plant size and yield increased with CO₂ enrichment in the NF and NF+ treatments, but not in the CF treatment. However, the O₃ x CO₂ interaction was rarely significant. In Exp. 2, growth and yield of C9904 was suppressed more by O₃ than was that of C9835. Because of cultivar differences in sensitivity to O₃, CO₂ enrichment caused greater amelioration of O₃ stress and greater enhancement for C9904 than for C9835. Significant cultivar x O₃ x CO₂ interactions occurred for all growth and yield measures. These results are similar to results with other crops, and further emphasize the need to consider possible interactions between O₃ and CO₂ when investigating effects of O₃ or CO₂ on plant systems.

Abbreviations: DAP, days after planting • CF, open-top field chamber receiving charcoal filtered air • NF, open-top field chamber receiving nonfiltered air • NF+, open-top field chamber receiving nonfiltered air with O₃ added for 12 h d^-1 • A1.0, A1.4, and A1.9, carbon dioxide treatments at approximate seasonal proportions of the ambient carbon dioxide concentration

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