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Genetic Diversity in North American Soybean: II. Prediction of Heterosis in F₂ Populations of Southern Founding Stock Using Genetic Similarity Measures

Dep. of Biology., Akdeniz University, Antalya-07070, Turkiye

Thomas E. Carter, Jr.^* and Joseph W. Burton

USDA-ARS, Dep. of Crop Sci. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695-7631

^* Corresponding author.

Genetic distance measures are typically derived from multivariate statistical analysis of morphological, isozymic, or RFLP data but not agronomic data. Rational application of genetic distance measures to plant breeding requires some evidence that these measures are associated with agronomic traits such as seed yield. No such proof is available in soybean. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate agronomic diversity among five of the founding stock of Southern U.S. soybean employing F₂ heterosis for seed yield, and (ii) investigate the association of agronomic genetic diversity with three genetic similarity (GS) estimates. Two estimates, GS₁ and GS₂, were constructed from multivariate analysis of biochemical and morphological traits in the founding stock grown in a phytrotron facility. The third, variance for 100-seed weight (GS₃) in the F₂ progeny of the founding stock, was chosen because 100-seed weight was the trait most heavily weighted in the statistical construction of GS₁and GS₂. The five ancestral strains and their ten F₂ progeny bulks were evaluated for seed yield and 100-seed weight at two locations in North Carolina in 1989 and 1990. Half of the 10 F₂ progeny populations exhibited significant (P < 0.05) midparent heterosis for seed yield. Mean heterosis was 9.3% with a range of –1 to 19%. One F₂ progeny bulk, that of Tokyo x Roanoke, produced only slightly less seed yield than two modern cultivars derived from 40 yr of soybean breeding. The F₂ heterosis for yield was predicted by GS₂ and GS₃ but not GS₁. GS₂ and GS₃ more clearly distinguished the differences among the strains than did GS₁ because these estimates were based soley upon the genotypes under study while GS₁ was developed to maximize discrimination among a much broader base of ancestral strains. We conclude that the application of genetic distance measures as predictors of agronomic genetic diversity should be made with caution. Their utility may be population dependent. The F₂ heterosis we observed was not associated with previously published similarity indices developed from isozymic and RFLP data.

Received for publication May 8, 1992.

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