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Effect of Genotype, Flowering Date, and Environment on Oil Content and Oil Quality of Wild Sunflower Seed¹

The effects of environmental conditions during sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed development and maturation on the final oil content of seed and composition of the oil have been studied extensively in commercial sunflower, but very little is known about the wild sunflower (H. annuus L.). Neither is there much known about the sequential changes that occur in seed and oil during seed development and maturation. A better understanding of these changes could lead to a greater utilization of wild sunflower in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of genotype, flowering date, and environment on oil content and oil quality of maturing wild sunflower. Thirty-eight populations of wild annual sunflower indigenous to areas from 29° to 46° N Lat and 81° to 122° W Long were planted in a randomized field plot design on 12 May 1980. Five heads per population per week were sibbed or interpollinated, and seeds were collected 28 days later for determination of oil content, fatty acid composition of oil, seed weight, and test weight. Flowering date and genotypes (populations) significantly affected all dependent variables. Oil content averaged over all populations increased from the first to last sampling. This is opposite the trend found in commercial hybrids. Oleic and linoleic acid concentrations of the oil decreased and increased, respectively, for later flowering dates. Oleic and linoleic acids began at lower and higher levels, respectively, in the wild sunflower compared to the commercial hybrid but all were about the same concentration at the last samplings. Based on multiple regressions, daylength and Julian day significantly influenced oil content. Linoleic acid was significantly influenced by Julian day, total solar radiation, and maximum temperature; whereas, oleic acid was influenced only by the latter two factors. Oil content and linoleic acid concentration differed significantly in seeds of the original population vs. the seeds grown at a single location. Sibbed and open-pollinated seeds did not differ in total oil content when grown at a single location, but linoleic acid did. Oleic acid concentrations of sibbed and open-pollinated seeds of populations grown at a single location did not differ significantly from the seeds of the original populations.

Key Words: Wild Helianthus annuus L. • Oleic acid • Palmitic acid • Stearic acid • Common environment • Multiple regression

² Research botanist, USDA-ARS, Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 790112.

Received for publication February 14, 1983.

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