Figure 1. Path estimates of structural equation model of yield genotype-by-environment interaction (YLD_GEI), yield component GEIs (spikes per square meter [SPSM_GEI], kernels per spike [KPS_GEI], and thousand kernel weight [TKW_GEI]), and adjusted cross-products (marker * environmental covariate). T, mean daily temperature; SR; total solar irradiance; P, total precipitation; suffix 0, the 3-mo period before sowing; 1, the first developmental period; 2, the second developmental period; and 3, the third developmental period. Arrows represent the direction of influence of variables. The numbers by the arrow lines represent the estimated standardized coefficients. The terms ₄, ₃, ₂, and ₁ are the disturbance terms for yield and yield components and represent the unexplained variances of those variables. Covariances among all cross-product variables were estimated as part of the model but arrows among these variables were excluded to simplify the figure. Significance level: ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05.